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'''''မီယာအာကာသစခန်း''''' ({{lang-ru|Мир}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈmʲir|IPA}}; lit. ''Peace'' or ''World'') သည် ၁၉၈၆မှ ၂၀၀၁ အထိကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းကြောင်းအနိမ့်တွင်ရှိခဲ့သော [[ဆိုဗီယက်]](နောင်သော်)[[ရုရှား]][[အာကာသစခန်း]]ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၉၈၆မှ ၁၉၉၆ထိ ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းကြောင်းပေါ်တွင်တပ်ဆင်ခဲ့သော မီယာအာကာသစခန်းသည် ပထမဆုံးအာကာသစခန်းဖြစ်ပြီး ယခင်အာကာသယာဉ်များထက်အရွယ်ကြီးမားသည်။ Assembled၂၀၀၁မတ်လ inယင်းအာကာသစခန်းအားကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းမှဖြုတ်ချခဲ့ချိန်အထိ orbit from 1986 to 1996, ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and had a greater mass than that of any previous spacecraft, holding the record for the largest artificialမီယာအာကာသစခန်းသည် သမိုင်းတွင်အကြီးဆုံး[[satelliteဂြိုဟ်တု]] orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001ကြီးဖြစ်သည်။ (a record now surpassed by theနောက်ပိုင်းတွင် [[International Space Stationနိုင်ငံတကာအာကာသစခန်း]]က အကြီးဆုံးစံချိန်သစ်တင်သွားသည်။). ''Mirမီယာအာကာသစခန်း''သည် servedအာကာသတွင်အမြဲတမ်းနေထိုင်နိုင်ရန် asလိုအပ်သောနည်းပညာများဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးအတွက် aဇီဝဗေဒ၊ [[microgravity]]မနုဿဇီဝဗေဒ၊ [[research]]ရူပဗေဒ၊ [[laboratory]]နက္ခတ်ပညာဆိုင်ရာ၊ inဥက္ကာပျံများဆိုင်ရာနှင့် which crewsအာကာသယာဉ်ဆိုင်ရာ conductedကမ္ဘာ့ဆွဲ [[experiment]]sအားနည်းပါးသောနေရာရှိ inသုသေသနစမ်းသပ်ခန်းဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ [[biology]], [[human biology]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[meteorology]] and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of [[Outer space|space]].
The station was the first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space and was operated by a series of [[List of Mir Expeditions|long-duration]] crews. The ''Mir'' programme held the record for the longest uninterrupted human presence in space, at 3,644 days, until 23 October 2010 (when it was surpassed by the ISS),<ref name="Mirrecord">{{cite news|last=Jackman|first=Frank|title=ISS Passing Old Russian Mir In Crewed Time|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/asd/2010/10/28/11.xml|newspaper=Aviation Week|date=29 October 2010}}</ref> and it currently holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, of [[Valeri Polyakov]], at 437 days 18 hours. ''Mir'' was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, and larger crews for short-term visits.
Following the success of the [[Salyut programဆလျူစီမံကိန်း]]me,များအောင်မြင်ပြီးနောက်တွင် ''Mirမီယာ''စီမံကိန်းသည် representedဆိုဗီယက်အာကာသစခန်းစီမံကိန်း၏နောက်တစ်ဆင့်ဖြစ်သည်။ the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as theအာကာသစခန်း၏ အူတိုင်မော်ဂျူး([[Mir Core Module|core module]] or)သို့မဟုတ်အထိုင်ပိုင်းဟုခေါ်သော baseပထမဆုံးမော်ဂျူးကို block,၁၉၈၆တွင်လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သည်။ wasထို့နောက်မော်ဂျူး launched၆ inခုကို 1986,ဆက်တိုက်လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သည်။ and was followed by six further modules, all launched by [[Proton ဆိုက်ကပ်မော်ဂျူး(rocket)|Proton]] rockets (with the exception of the [[Mir Docking Module|docking module]]).မှလွဲ၍ Whenအားလုံးကို complete,[[ပရိုတွန်ဒုံးပျံ]]များဖြင့်လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သည်။ theစခန်းတစ်ခုလုံးတပ်ဆင်ပြီးသွားပြီးနောက်တွင် stationဖိအားမြင့်မော်းဂျူး consisted၇ ofပိုင်းပါဝင်ပြီး sevenဖိအားမဲ့မော်ဂျူး pressurisedများစွာပါဝင်သည်။ modulesလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားကို andမော်ဂျူးများတွင်တိုက်ရိုက်တပ်ဆင်ထားသော severalများစွာသော unpressurised components. Power was provided by several အလင်းလျှပ်စစ်အတန်း([[Photovoltaic_system#Photovoltaic arrays|photovoltaic arrays]] mounted directly on the modules.)များမှရရှိသည်။ The station was [[Orbital station-keeping|maintained at an orbit]] between {{convert|296|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|421|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} altitude and traveled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 orbits per day.<ref name="MirBIS">{{cite book|title=The History of Mir 1986-2000|year=2000|publisher=British Interplanetary Society|isbn=0-9506597-4-6|editor=Hall, R.}}</ref><ref name="FinalBIS">{{cite book|title=Mir: The Final Year|year=2001|publisher=British Interplanetary Society|isbn=0-9506597-5-4|editor=Hall, R.}}</ref><ref name="OrbitCalc">{{cite web|title=Orbital period of a planet|url=http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit|publisher=CalcTool|accessdate=12 September 2010}}</ref>
Theဤအာကာသစခန်းသည် stationဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ wasအာကာသတွင် launched as part of the Soviet Union'sကြာမြင့်စွာလူစီးအာကာသယာဉ်စီမံကိန်း( [[Soviet space program|manned spaceflight programme]]) effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and, following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] (RKA). As a result, the vast majority of the station's crew were Soviet or Russian; however, through international collaborations, including the [[Intercosmos]], [[Euromir]] and [[Shuttle-Mir Program|Shuttle-''Mir'']] programmes, the station was made accessible to [[astronaut]]s from North America, several European nations and Japan. The cost of the ''Mir'' programme was estimated by former RKA General Director [[Yuri Koptev]] in 2001 as $4.2 billion over its lifetime (including development, assembly and orbital operation).<ref name="MirCost">{{cite news|title=Russians Find Pride, and Regret, in Mir's Splashdown |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/science/24MIR.html|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=9 March 2011|author=Patrick E. Tyler|date=24 March 2001}}</ref> The station was serviced by [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft, [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft and U.S. [[space shuttle]]s, and was visited by [[List of Mir visitors|astronauts and cosmonauts from 12 different nations]].<ref name="SSSM"/>
==Originsမူလအစ==
''Mir'' was authorised in a decree made on 17 February 1976 to design an improved model of the [[Salyut program|Salyut]] DOS-17K space stations. Four Salyut space stations had already been launched since 1971, with three more being launched during ''Mir'''s development. It was planned that the station's core module ([[Mir Core Module|DOS-7]] and the backup [[Zvezda (ISS module)|DOS-8]]) would be equipped with a total of four docking ports; two at either end of the station as with the Salyut stations, and an additional two ports on either side of a docking sphere at the front of the station to enable further modules to expand the station's capabilities. By August 1978, this had evolved to the final configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station.<ref name="Encyclopedia Astronautica"/>
It was clear that the planned processing flow could not be followed and still meet the 1986 launch date. It was decided on [[Cosmonautics Day|Cosmonaut's Day]] (12 April) 1985 to ship the flight model of the [[Mir Core Module|base block]] to the [[Baikonur cosmodrome]] and conduct the systems testing and integration there. The module arrived at the launch site on 6 May, with 1100 of 2500 cables requiring rework based on the results of tests to the ground test model at [[Khrunichev]]. In October, the base block was rolled outside its [[cleanroom]] to carry out communications tests. The first launch attempt on 16 February 1986 was scrubbed when the spacecraft communications failed, but the second launch attempt, on 19 February 1986 at 21:28:23 UTC, was successful, meeting the political deadline.<ref name="Encyclopedia Astronautica"/>
==အာကာသစခန်း၏တည်ဆောက်ပုံ==
==Station structure==
===တပ်ဆင်ထားပုံ===
===Assembly===
[[File:Mir Docking Cone Placement and Module Movements.pdf|right|thumb|upright|A diagram showing the ''Konus'' drogue and module movements around ''Mir'''s docking node<ref name="SSA">{{cite book|title=Space Shuttle Almanac|isbn=0-9696313-0-8|year=1992/2011|author=Joel W. Powell & Lee Brandon-Cremer|url=http://www.spaceshuttlealmanac.com/|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref>|alt=A diagram illustrating the configuration of Mir's docking node over the station's lifetime. See adjacent text for details.]]
Theကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းတွင် orbitalမီယာအာကာသယာဉ်တပ်ဆင်ခြင်းအား assembly၁၉၈၆တွင် ofမီယာအူတိုင်မော်ဂျူးအား ''Mir'' began in February 1986 with the launch of the [[Mir Core Module|core module]] on a [[Proton-K]] rocket.ပရိုတွန်ဒုံးပျံဖြင့်ပစ်လွှတ်ခြင်းဖြင့်စတင်ခဲ့သည်။ Four of the six modules which were later added ([[Kvant-2|''Kvant''-2]] in 1989, ''[[Kristall]]'' in 1990, ''[[Spektr]]'' in 1995 and ''[[Priroda]]'' in 1996) followed the same sequence to add themselves to the main ''Mir'' complex. Firstly, the module would be launched independently on its own Proton-K and chase the station automatically. It would then dock to the forward docking port on the core module's docking node, then extend its [[Lyappa arm]] to mate with a fixture on the mode's exterior. The arm would then lift the module away from the forward docking port and rotate it on to the radial port that the module was to mate with, before lowering it down to dock. The node was equipped with only two ''Konus'' drogues, however, which were required for dockings. This meant that, prior to the arrival of each new module, the node would have to be depressurised to allow spacewalking cosmonauts to manually relocate the drogue to the next port to be occupied.<ref name="MirBIS"/><ref name="SSSM"/>
Theအခြားထပ်မံတိုးချဲ့သည့် otherမော်ဂျူးနှစ်ခုမှာ two၁၉၈၇တွင် expansion modules, [[Kvant-1|''Kvant''-1]] inတို့ဖြစ်ပြီး 1987၁၉၉၅ andတွင် theမီယာဆိုက်ကပ်မော်ဂျူး( [[Mir Docking Module|docking module]] in 1995, followed different)ဖြစ်ပြီးလုပ်ဆောင်ပုံကွဲပြားသည်။ procedures. ''Kvant''-1,တွင် having,အထက်တွင်ဖော်ပြခဲ့သော unlikeအခြားမော်ဂျူးလေးခုနှင့်မတူပဲ the four modules mentioned above, no engines of its own,ကိုယ်ပိုင်အင်ဂျင်မပါရှိပေ။ was launched attached to a tug based on the [[TKS spacecraft]] which delivered the module to the aft end of the core module instead of the docking node. Once hard docking had been achieved, the tug undocked and deorbited itself. The docking module, meanwhile, was launched aboard {{OV|104}} during [[STS-74]] and mated to the orbiter's [[Orbiter Docking System]]. ''Atlantis'' then docked, via the module, to ''Kristall'', then left the module behind when it undocked later in the mission.<ref name="SSSM"/><ref name="STS-74"/> Various other external components, including three truss structures, several experiments and other unpressurised elements were also mounted to the exterior of the station by cosmonauts conducting a total of eighty spacewalks over the course of the station's history.<ref name="SSSM"/>
The station's assembly marked the beginning of the third generation of space station design, being the first to consist of more than one primary spacecraft (thus opening a new era in [[space architecture]]). First generation stations such as [[Salyut 1]] and [[Skylab]] had monolithic designs, consisting of one module with no resupply capability, whilst the second generation stations [[Salyut 6]] and [[Salyut 7]] comprised a monolithic station with two ports to allow consumables to be replenished by cargo spacecraft such as [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]]. The capability of ''Mir'' to be expanded with add-on modules meant that each could be designed with a specific purpose in mind (for instance, the core module functioned largely as living quarters), thus eliminating the need to install all the station's equipment in one module.<ref name="SSSM"/>
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