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လပေါ်သို့ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ

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စာကြောင်း ၁ -
[[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|300px|Still frame from a video transmission, taken moments before [[Neil Armstrong]] became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500&nbsp;million people worldwide watched this event, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manned Space Chronology: Apollo_11|url=http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html| publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=6 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing "Inspired World"|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html| work=National Geographic|accessdate=6 February 2008}}</ref>]]
[[File:Luna 2 Soviet moon probe.jpg|frame|right|[[Luna 2]], theလပေါ်ပထမဆုံးရောက်ရှိခဲ့သောလူလုပ်အရာဝတ္ထုဖြစ်သည့် firstလူနာ human-made၂ object to reach the surface of the Moon.အာကာသယာဉ်]]
[[File:Moon landing sites.svg|thumb|450px|လပေါ်သို့ငြင်သာစွာနှင့်အောင်မြင်စွာဆင်းသက်နိုင်ခဲ့သည့်နေရာများနှင့်ရက်စွဲများ၊ ရက်စွဲများသည် [[UTC]]များဖြစ်သည်။]]
[[File:Moon landing sites.svg|thumb|450px|The locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date. Dates are landing dates in [[UTC]].]]
 
'''လပေါ်သို့ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း'''ဆိုသည်မှာ လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်သို့ အာကာသယာဉ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်းကိုဆိုလိုသည်။ လူလိုက်ပါသောခရီးစဉ်ရောလူမဲ့(စက်ရုပ်)ခရီးစဉ်များပါအကျုံးဝင်သည်။ လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်ရောက်ရှိသော ပထမဆုံးလူလုပ်အရာဝတ္ထုမှာ ၁၉၅၉၊ စက်တာဘာ၁၃ တွင်လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သော ဆိုဗီယက်လုပ်လူနာ ၂ယာဉ်ဖြစ်သည်။ The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Luna 2]] mission on 13 September 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-014A | title = Luna 2 | publisher = NASA–NSSDC}}</ref>
 
၁၉၆၉၊ ဇူလိုင် ၂၀တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကလွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သော[[အပိုလို ၁၁]]([[Apollo 11]])ခရီးစဉ်သည် ပထမဆုံးသော လူလိုက်ပါသည့် လကမ္ဘာခရီးစဉ်ဖြစ်သည်။ <ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11_40th.html NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary].</ref> There၁၉၆၉ haveမှ been၁၉၇၂ [[Listကြားကာလတွင် ofလူလိုက်ပါသော Apolloအမေရိကန်ယာဉ်များနှင့်မရေမတွက်နိုင်သော missions#Mannedလူမဲ့အာကာသယာဉ်များလပေါ်ဆင်းသက်ခဲ့ကြသသည်။ missions|sixသို့ရာတွင် manned၁၉၇၆ U.S. landings]] (between 1969 and 1972) and numerous unmanned landings, though no soft landings have occurred since 1976.အထိငြင်သာစွာဆင်းသက်နိုင်ခြင်းမရှိသေးပေ။
 
== လူမဲ့ဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ ==
နိုင်ငံအများအပြားသည် အာကာသယာဉ်အများအပြားကိုလပေါ်သို့စေလွှတ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ၁၉၅၉တွင် လူနာ ၂အာကာသယာဉ်ကို လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်သို့အရှိန်ဖြင့်ဝင်ဆောင့်စေပြီး ပထမဆုံးလဆင်းယာဉ်ဖြစ်လာစေခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၆၂တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကလည်း ရိန်းဂျား ၄ အာကာသယာဉ်ဖြင့် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့နည်းတူဝင်ဆောင့်ခဲ့သည်။ During the time of the [[Cold War]], such contests to be the first on the Moon with a particular capability was one of the most visible facets{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} of the [[Space Race]].
 
Moreမကြာခင်က recentlyအခြားနိုင်ငံများကလည်း otherလမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်သို့ nationsအာကာသယာဉ်များဖြင့် haveတစ်နာရီလျှင် crashed၅၀၀၀မိုင်နှုန်းဖြင့် spacecraftကြိုတင်သတ်မှတ်နေရာများတွင် on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around {{convert|5000|mph}}, often at precise, planned locations.ဝင်ဆောင့်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ These have generally been end-of-life lunar orbiters that because of system degradations could no longer overcome [[orbital mechanics|perturbations]] from lunar [[Mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]] to maintain their orbit. Japan's lunar orbiter [[Hiten]] crash impacted the Moon's surface on 10 April 1993. The [[European Space Agency]] performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter [[SMART-1]] on 3 September 2006.
 
[[Indiaအိန္ဒိယ]]'s Space Agency အာကာသအေဂျင်စီ([[ISRO]])သည် performed a controlled crash impact with its [[Moon Impact Probe]] (MIP) on 14 November 2008. The MIP was notable for being an ejected probe from the Indian [[Chandrayaan-1]] lunar orbiter and for performing [[remote sensing]] experiments during its descent to the lunar surface. Radio contact with the Chadrayaan-1 has been lost and it will also crash on the lunar surface in late 2011 or early 2012. Most recently, the Chinese lunar orbiter [[Chang'e 1]] executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009.
 
အာကာသယာဉ် ၁၈ စင်းသာ လပေါ်ဆင်းသက်စဉ် ဆင်းသက်ဘရိတ်ဒုံးပျံများကိုအသုံးပြုခဲ့ကြပြီး လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်တွင် သိပ္ပံဆိုင်ရာများလုပ်ဆောင်ခဲ့သည်။ လူလိုက်ပါသည့်ယာဉ် ၆ စင်း၊ လူမဲ့အာကာသယာဉ်တစ်ဒါဇင်ခန့် တို့အား ၁၉၆၆ နှင့် ၁၉၇၆ ကြားတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့်ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုတို့ကလွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သည်။ {{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ပထမဆုံးငြင်သာစွာဆင်းသက်ခြင်းကိုလုပ်ဆောင်နိုင်ခဲ့ပြီး လူနာ ၉ နှင့် လူနာ ၁၃ ယာဉ်များတွင်တပ်ဆင်ထားသည့် ruggedized ကင်မရာများဖြင့် လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်မှနေ၍ဓာတ်ပုံများပေးပို့နိုင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့သည် လူမဲ့အာကသယာဉ်ဖြင့် ငြင်သာစွာဆင်းသက်ခြင်း ၅ ကြိမ်၊ လူလိုက်ပါသည့် အပိုလိုခရီးစဉ်များ ၆ ကြိမ်တို့ကို အားကျမခံလိုက်ပါလုပ်ဆောင်နိုင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။
Only eighteen spacecraft have used braking rockets to survive their moon landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface – six manned, a dozen unmanned, all launched by either the Soviets or the Americans between 1966 and 1976.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} The USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface with ruggedized camera packages on their [[Luna 9]] and [[Luna 13]] missions. The Americans followed with five unmanned [[Surveyor Program|Surveyor]] soft landings and six manned Apollo missions.
 
After the American manned Apollo landings, the Soviet Union later achieved [[sample return mission|sample returns]] of lunar soil via the unmanned [[Luna 16]], [[Luna 20]] and [[Luna 24]] Moon landings; their [[Luna 17]] and [[Luna 21]] were successful unmanned rover missions. Not included in this accounting is the Soviet [[Luna 23]] mission, which successfully landed but whose scientific equipment then failed, or the American [[Surveyor 4]], with whom all radio contact was lost only moments before an automated soft landing.
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{| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
! align=left | U.S. missionအမေရိကန်ခရီးစဉ်များ
! align=center | Mass (kg)
! align=center | Launch vehicle
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Following the unsuccessful Atlas-Able Pioneer probes, NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions. The interplanetary versions were known as [[Mariner program|Mariners]]; lunar versions were [[Ranger program|Rangers]]. JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes: Block I prototypes, which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon; Block II, which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package; and Block III, which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide-area photographs of the Moon during their descent.
 
=== ရိန်းဂျားခရီးစဉ်များ ===
=== Ranger missions ===
{{See also|Ranger program}}
The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical.<ref name="nasa-ranger1">{{cite web| url= http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-021A|title=NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 1 Details|accessdate=17 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="nasa-ranger2">{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-032A|title=NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 2 Details|accessdate=17 February 2011}}</ref> Spacecraft experiments included a [[H-alpha|Lyman-alpha]] telescope, a [[Rubidium|Rubidium-vapor]] [[magnetometer]], electrostatic analyzers, medium-energy-range [[particle detector]]s, two triple coincidence telescopes, a cosmic-ray integrating [[ionization chamber]], [[cosmic dust]] detectors, and [[scintillation counter]]s. The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of {{convert|110000|km|mi}} and a [[perigee]] of {{convert|60000|km|mi}}.<ref name="nasa-ranger1"/>
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Breaking the six-year string of failures in American attempts to photograph the Moon at close range, the [[Ranger 7]] mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the [[United States Congress]] intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program. Subsequent successes with [[Ranger 8]] and [[Ranger 9]] further buoyed American hopes.
 
== ဆိုဗီယက်လူမဲ့ယာဉ်ငြင်သာစွာဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ(၁၉၆၆-၁၉၇၆) ==
== Soviet unmanned soft landings (1966–1976) ==
 
[[File:Луна-16.jpg|thumb|right|''Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander'']]
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|thumb|right|''Modelဆိုဗီယက်တို့၏ of''လူနိုခေါ့ဒ်'' Sovietအလိုအလျောက် Lunokhod automatic moon roverလပေါ်လှည့်လည်သွားလာရေးယာဉ်'']]
 
{| class="wikitable" style=" background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"
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The [[Luna 9]] spacecraft, launched by the [[Soviet Union]], performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February. [[Airbags#Airbag landing systems|Airbags]] protected its {{convert|99|kg|lb}} ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over {{convert|15|m/s|km/h}}.<ref name="astronautix-luna9">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae6.htm|title=Astronautix Luna E-6|accessdate=February 2011}}</ref> [[Luna 13]] duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966. Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moon Exploration|url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration/moon-exploration-article.html|work=National Geographic |accessdate=17 September 2009}}</ref>
 
[[Lunaလူနာ 16၁၆]]သည် wasလပေါ်ဆင်းသက်ပြီး theလမြေသားနမူနာများကို firstကမ္ဘာသို့အောင်မြင်စွာပြန်လည်ယူဆောင်လာနိုင်သော ပထမဆုံး[[Robotic spacecraft|robotic probeစက်ရုပ်အာကာသယာဉ်]]ဖြစ်သည်။ to land on the [[Moon]] and safely return a sample of lunar back to Earth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burrows |first=William E. |title=This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age |year=1999 |publisher=Modern Library | pages=432 |isbn=0-375-75485-7}}</ref> It represented the first [[lunar sample]] return mission by the [[Soviet Union]], and was the third lunar [[sample return mission]] overall, following the [[Apollo 11]] and [[Apollo 12]] missions. This mission was later successfully repeated by [[Luna 20]] (1972) and [[Luna 24]] (1976).
 
၁၉၇၀ နှင့် ၁၉၇၃ ခုနှစ်များတွင် [[Lလူနိုခေါ့ဒ်]] ("လပေါ်လမ်းလျှောက်သူ") စက်ရုပ်အာကာသယာဉ်နှစ်စင်းကိုလပေါ်သို့စေလွှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ အဆိုပါယာဉ်များသည် ၁၀ လတာနှင့် ၄ လတာအသီးသီးအလုပ်လုပ်ခဲ့ကြပြီး လူနိုခေါ့ဒ် ၁ သည် ၁၀.၅ ကီလိုမီတာ၊ လူနိုခေါ့ဒ် ၂ သည် ၃၇ ကီလိုမီတာ အသီးသီးရောက်ရှိခဲ့ကြသည်။ These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby, orbiter and landing missions.
In 1970 and 1973 two [[Lunokhod]] ("Moonwalker") robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon, where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively, covering 10.5&nbsp;km ([[Lunokhod 1]]) and 37&nbsp;km ([[Lunokhod 2]]). These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby, orbiter and landing missions.
 
== အမေရိကန်လူမဲ့ ငြင်သာစွာဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ(၁၉၆၆-၁၉၆၈) ==
== American unmanned soft landings (1966–1968) ==
[[File:Surveyor 1 launch.jpg|thumb|right|Launchဆာဗေယာ of၁ Surveyor 1.ပစ်လွှတ်ခြင်း]]
[[File:Surveyor 3-Apollo 12.jpg|thumb|right|အပိုလို၁၂ အာကာသယာဉ်မှူး ပီတီ ကွန်းရက်([[Pete Conrad]])အား ဆာဗေယာ ၃ ဆင်းသက်ယာဉ်အနီးတွင်ရပ်နေသည်ကိုတွေ့ရပုံ၊ နောက်ခံတွင် အပိုလို ၁၂ ဆင်းသက်ယာဉ် အင်တာပရက် (''Intrepid'')အားတွေ့မြင်ရသည်။]]
[[File:Surveyor 3-Apollo 12.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pete Conrad]], commander of [[Apollo 12]], stands next to Surveyor 3 lander. In the background is the Apollo 12 lander, ''Intrepid''.]]
 
Theအမေရိကန် Americanဆာဗေယာစက်ရုပ်ယာဉ်စီမံကိန်းသည် [[robot]]ic [[Surveyor program]] was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under actual lunar conditions the [[radar]] and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown. Five of Surveyor's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings. Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12. They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long-term exposure to the lunar environment.
 
{| class="wikitable" style=" background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; "
|-
! align=left | U.S. missionအမေရိကန်ခရီးစဉ်များ
! align=center | Mass (kg)
! align=center | Booster
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! align=center | [[Latitude|Lat]]/[[Longitude|Lon]]
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 1၁]]
| 292
| [[Atlas (rocket)|Atlas]] – [[Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur]]
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| 002.45S 043.22W
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 2၂]]
| 292
| Atlas – Centaur
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| 004.00S 011.00W
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 3၃]]
| 302
| Atlas – Centaur
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| 002.94S 336.66E
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 4၄]]
| 282
| Atlas – Centaur
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| unknown
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 5၅]]
| 303
| Atlas – Centaur
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| 001.41N 023.18E
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 6၆]]
| 300
| Atlas – Centaur
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| 000.46N 358.63E
|-
| [[Surveyorဆာဗေယာ 7၇]]
| 306
| Atlas – Centaur
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However, the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a {{convert|30|mi|km|sing=on}}-per-hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned {{convert|100|mi|km|sing=on}}-per-hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar-controlled, adjustable-thrust retrorocket. While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments, only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a crewed flight. Thus as of mid-1966, the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so-called Space Race to land a man on the Moon.
 
[[File:Space Race 1957-1975 black text.png|thumb|450px|A၁၉၅၇ timelineနှင့် of၁၉၇၅ theကြား spaceဆိုဗီယက်နှင့်အမေရိကန်ခရီးစဉ်များ race between 1957 and 1975, with missions from the USA and USSR.အာကာသပြိုင်ပွဲသက္ကရာဇ်အညွှန်း]]
 
Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon. Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit. Ranger, Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit. Such [[direct ascent]]s use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one-way trip.
စာကြောင်း ၆၄၀ -
Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value. For example, in 1999 the NASA [[Lunar Prospector]] orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole. It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth. No such plume was observed. However, a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist [[Eugene Shoemaker]] was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor – currently the only human remains on the Moon today.
 
== ဆိုဗီယက်လပတ်ဂြိုဟ်တုများ(၁၉၆၆-၁၉၇၇၄) ==
== Soviet lunar orbit satellites (1966–1974) ==
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[[Luna 10]] သည် ၁၉၆၆၊ ဧပြီ ၃ တွင် ပထမဆုံလပတ်အာကာသယာဉ်ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။
[[Luna 10]] became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966.
 
== အမေရိကန်လပတ်ဂြိုဟ်တုများ(၁၉၆၆-၁၉၆၇) ==
== American lunar orbit satellites (1966–1967) ==
 
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စာကြောင်း ၈၈၇ -
By this time flights of the third generation American [[Apollo Program|Apollo]] spacecraft had begun. Far more capable than the Zond, the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968, certifying the [[Saturn V]] booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth. [[Apollo 10]] then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969. This mission stopped short at ten miles (16&nbsp;km) altitude above the lunar surface, performing necessary low-altitude mapping of trajectory-altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing. With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt [[Luna 15]] in July 1969, the stage was set for [[Apollo 11]].
 
== လပေါ်လူဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ(၁၉၆၉-၁၉၇၂) ==
== Manned Moon landings (1969–1972) ==
[[File:Saturn V & N1 comparison.svg|thumb|250px|Theအမေရိကန်တို့၏ U.S.ဆေတန် [[Saturn V]] and၅ theဒုံးပျံနှင့် Sovietဆိုဗီယက်တို့၏ [[N-1 rocket|N1]].ဒုံးပျံ]]
 
=== အမေရိကန်တို့၏မဟာဗျူဟာ ===
=== American strategy ===
{{Main|Apollo program}}
The U.S. Moon exploration program originated during the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. In a series of mid-1950s articles in ''[[Collier's Weekly|Collier's]]'' magazine, [[Wernher von Braun]] had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base. A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the U.S. and USSR. Besides guidance and weight management, [[atmospheric re-entry]] without [[Ablation|ablative]] overheating was a major hurdle. After the Soviet Union's launch of [[Sputnik]], von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965.
စာကြောင်း ၈၉၈ -
Advances in U.S. nuclear weapons technology had led to smaller, lighter warheads, and consequently, rockets with smaller payload capacities. By comparison, Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier, and the powerful [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]] rocket was developed to carry them. More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit (both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets, since the U.S. would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets. A Moon landing, however, would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda.
 
[[File:Apollo Landings by Nasa.jpg|thumb|350px|Apollo landing sitesအပိုလိုယာဉ်ဆင်းသက်ရာနေရာများ]]
Mindful that the [[Project Apollo|Apollo Program]] would economically benefit most of the key states in the next election—particularly his home state of Texas because [[NASA]]'s base was in [[Houston]]—Johnson championed the Apollo program. This superficially indicated action to alleviate the fictional "[[missile gap]]" between the U.S. and USSR, a campaign promise of Kennedy's in the 1960 election. The Apollo project allowed continued development of dual-use technology.
 
စာကြောင်း ၉၂၀ -
With Korolyov's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967, the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled. The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed [[Aleksei Leonov]] on the Moon's surface, but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969, plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation.
 
=== အပိုလိုခရီးစဉ်များ ===
=== Apollo missions ===
In total, twenty-four American astronauts have traveled to the Moon. Three have made the trip twice, and twelve have walked on its surface. Apollo 8 was a lunar-orbit-only mission, Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI), followed by LM staging to CSM redocking, while Apollo 13, originally scheduled as a landing, ended up as a lunar fly-by, by means of [[free return trajectory]]; thus, none of these missions made landings. Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 never left Earth orbit. Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13, one reason for their cessation according to astronaut [[Alan Bean]] is the cost it imposes in government subsidies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the Shadow of the Moon|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=37065|publisher=comingsoon.net|accessdate=7 February 2008}}</ref>
 
=== လူလိုက်ပါသောဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ ===
=== Manned Moon landings ===
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စာကြောင်း ၁၀၀၇ -
On 16 August 2006, the [[Associated Press]] reported that NASA is [[Apollo 11 missing tapes|missing the original]] [[Slow-scan television]] tapes (which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk. Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia, but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package|Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apollo TV Tapes: The Search Continues|url=http://www.space.com/news/061103_apollo_tapes.html|publisher=space.com|accessdate=8 February 2008}}</ref>
 
== ၂၀-၂၁ ရာစု လူမဲ့ဝင်တိုက်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်းများ ==
== 20th–21st century unmanned crash landings ==
{{See also|List of current and future lunar missions}}
 
စာကြောင်း ၁၀၁၇ -
 
=== ချန်ဒရာယန် ၁(အိန္ဒိယ) ===
[[Chandrayaanချန်ဒရာယန်]]-1၁ wasသည် [[Indiaအိန္ဒိယ]]'s first၏ unmannedပထမဆုံးလူမဲ့ lunarလသွားယာဉ်ဖြစ်သည်။ probe. It was launched by theယင်းအား [[Indian Space Research Organisationအိန္ဒိယအာကာသအေဂျင်စီ]]က (ISRO) in October 2008, and၂၀၀၈၊ operatedအောက်တိုဘာတွင်လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့ပြီး until၂၀၀၉၊ Augustသြဂုတ်လအထိအလုပ်လုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ 2009.<ref name="Chandrayaan-1 successfully put into earth's orbit">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ChandrayaanI-successfully-put-into-earths-orbit/376522/|title=Chandrayaan-1 successfully put into earth's orbit |date=22 October 2008|accessdate=22 October 2008|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The mission, including a lunar orbiter and an impactor, was launched by a modified version of the PSLV, [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV C11]] on 22 October 2008 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]], [[Nellore District]], Andhra Pradesh, about 80&nbsp;km north of [[Chennai]], at 06:22 IST (00:52 [[UTC]]). The mission was a major boost to India's space program, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, and the impactor, the [[Moon Impact Probe]], impacted near [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton]] Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008, 20:31 IST.<ref name="Times Of India">{{cite news
|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chandrayaan-I_Impact_Probe_lands_on_moon/articleshow/3714245.cms
|title =Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on the Moon
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