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မစ်(ဂ်)-၂၉: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ

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== '''မစ် - ၂၉''' ==
ရုရှတို့၏ မစ် - ၂၉ (နေတိုးအခေါ် - Fulcrum) [[တိုက်လေယာဉ်]]သည် ယခင် [[ဆိုဗီယက် ပြည်ထောင်စု]]၏ [[စတုတ္ထမျိုးဆက် တိုက်လေယာဉ်]] ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၉၇၀ ပြည့်နှစ်များကတည်းက မီကိုယန်ဒီဇိုင်းအဖွဲ့က ဆူခွိုင်း-၂၇([[Sukhoi Su-27]])တိုက်လေယာဉ်နှင့်အတူ စမ်းသပ် ခဲ့သော်လည်း ၁၉၈၃ ရောက်မှ ဆိုဗီယက် လေတပ်တွင်[[ဆိုဗီယက်လေတပ်]]တွင် စတင် အသုံးပြုခဲ့သည်.။ ယနေ့တိုင် ကမ္ဘာ့နိုင်ငံများစွာ၏ ဘက်စုံသုံး တိုက်လေယာဉ်အဖြစ် ရပ်တည်လျက် ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့၏ တိုက်လေယာဉ်များဖြစ်သော [[မက်ဒေါနယ်ဒေါက်ကလပ်စ် အက်ဖ်-၁၅ လင်းယုန်]]၊ [[F-16]] နှင့် F/A - 18 တို့ကို ယှဉ်ပြိုင် တိုက်ခိုက်ရန် ဖန်တီးခဲ့ကြခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ <ref name= Gordon_Davidson_p9>Gordon and Davison 2005, p. 9.</ref>
 
While originally orientated towards combat against any enemy aircraft, many MiG-29s have been furnished as [[multirole]] fighters capable of performing a number of different operations, and are commonly outfitted to use a range of air-to-surface armaments and precision munitions. The MiG-29 has been manufactured in several major variants, including the multirole [[Mikoyan MiG-29M]] and the navalised [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]; the most advanced member of the family to date is the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]]. Later models frequently feature improved engines, [[glass cockpit]]s with [[HOTAS]]-compatible flight controls, modern radar and [[IRST]] sensors, considerably increased fuel capacity, and some aircraft have been fitted for [[aerial refuelling]].
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a number of successor states have continued to operate the MiG-29; the largest of which being the [[Russian Air Force]]. Following a series of accidents related to poor maintainence, the Russian Air Force has begun upgrading most remaining aircraft to the modernised MiG-29SMT configuration. The MiG-29 has also been also a popular export aicraft, over 30 individual nations either operate or have previously operated the aircraft to date; [[India]] being one of the largest export operators of the type. As of 2013, the MiG-29 still remains in production by Mikoyan, a subsidiary of [[United Aircraft Corporation]] (UAC) since 2006.
 
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==တိုးတက်မှုများ==
 
===မူလအစ===
In 1969, the existence of the [[United States Air Force]]'s "F-X" program, which would result in the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]], became public knowledge.<ref name=Jenkins_p9-11>Jenkins 1998, pp. 9–11.</ref> At the height of the [[Cold War]], a Soviet response was necessary to avoid the possibility of a new American fighter gaining a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters, thus the development of a new air superiority fighter became a priority.<ref name= Gordon_Davidson_p9/> The Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a ''Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel'' (''PFI'', translating directly as "Perspective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").<ref name=Great_Book>Spick 2000.</ref> Specifications were extremely ambitious, calling for long range, good short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The Russian aerodynamics institute [[TsAGI]] worked in collaboration with the [[Sukhoi]] design bureau on the aircraft's aerodynamics.<ref name=Great_Book/>
 
However, in 1971 Soviet studies determined the need for different types of fighters. The PFI program was supplemented with the ''LPFI'' (''Perspektivnyy Lyogkiy Frontovoy Istrebitel'', or "Advanced Lightweight Tactical Fighter") program; the Soviet fighter force was planned to be approximately 33% PFI and 67% LPFI.<ref name=Gordon_p8-9>Gordon and Davison 2005, pp. 8–9.</ref> PFI and LPFI paralleled the USAF's decision that created the "Lightweight Fighter" program and the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] and [[Northrop YF-17]].<ref>Correll, John T. [http://www.afa.org/magazine/feb2008/0208reformers.asp "The Reformers."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''Air Force Magazine Online'', February 2008, pp. 7–9.</ref> The PFI fighter was assigned to Sukhoi, resulting in the [[Sukhoi Su-27]], while the lightweight fighter went to Mikoyan. Detailed design work on the resultant Mikoyan ''Product 9'', designated ''MiG-29A'', began in 1974, with the first flight taking place on 6 October 1977. The pre-production aircraft was first spotted by United States [[reconnaissance satellite]]s in November of that year; it was dubbed ''Ram-L'' because it was observed at the Zhukovsky flight test center near the town of [[Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast|Ramenskoye]]. Early Western speculations suggested that the Ram-L was very similar in appearance to the YF-17 and powered by [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[Tumansky R-25]] [[turbojet]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
[[File:Soviet MiG-29 DF-ST-99-04977.JPG|thumb|left|၁၉၈၉၊ အက်ဘော့စ်ဖို့ဒ်လေကြောင်းပြပွဲတွင် ရပ်တန့်ထားသော မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်အားတွေ့ရပုံMiG-29 ]]
 
Despite program delays caused by the loss of two prototypes in engine-related accidents (third prototype on 15 June 1978 and the fifth prototype on 31 October 1980), the ''MiG-29B'' production version entered service in August 1983 at the [[Kubinka]] air base. State acceptance trials were completed in 1984, and deliveries began the same year to the Soviet [[Soviet Air Force|Frontal Aviation]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
The workload split between TPFI and LPFI became more apparent as the MiG-29 filtered into front line service with the [[Soviet Air Forces]] (Russian: ''Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily'' [VVS]) in the mid-1980s. While the heavy, long range Su-27 was tasked with the more exotic and dangerous role of deep air-to-air sweeps of NATO high-value assets, the smaller MiG-29 directly replaced the MiG-23 in the frontal aviation role. Features such as rugged landing gear and protective intake grates allowed MiG-29 operations from damaged or under-prepared airstrips that Soviet war planners expected to encounter during a rapid armored advance. The MiG-29 was to be an escort for local strike and interdiction air packages, protecting vulnerable ground attack aircraft from NATO fighters such as the F-15 and F-16.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
 
===Introduction and improvements===
[[File:Mig-29 on landing.jpg|thumb|MiG-29UB အမောင်းသင်လေယာဉ်]]
 
In the West, the new fighter was given the [[NATO reporting name]] "Fulcrum-A" because the pre-production MiG-29A, which should have logically received this designation, remained unknown in the West at that time. The Soviet Union did not assign official names to most of its aircraft, although nicknames were common. Unusually, some Soviet pilots found the MiG-29’s NATO reporting name, "Fulcrum", to be a flattering description of the aircraft’s intended purpose, and it is sometimes unofficially used in Russian service.<ref name=zuyev_fulcrum>[[Alexander Zuyev|Zuyev, A.]] and Malcolm McConnell. ''Fulcrum: A Top Gun Pilot’s Escape From the Soviet Empire''. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 0-446-36498-3.</ref>
 
The MiG-29B was widely exported in downgraded versions, known as ''MiG-29B 9-12A'' and ''MiG-29B 9-12B'' for [[Warsaw Pact]] and non-Warsaw Pact nations respectively, with less capable [[avionics]] and no capability for delivering [[nuclear weapon]]s. Total production was about 840 aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
In the 1980s, Mikoyan developed the improved MiG-29S to use longer range [[Vympel R-27|R-27E]] and [[Vympel R-77|R-77]] air-to-air missiles. It added a dorsal 'hump' to the upper [[fuselage]] to house a jamming system and some additional fuel capacity. The weapons load was increased to 4,000&nbsp;kg (8,800&nbsp;lb) with airframe strengthening. These features were included in new-built fighters and upgrades to older MiG-29s.<ref>Gordon and Davison 2005, pp. 27–29.</ref><ref>Eden 2004, pp. 310–321.</ref>
 
Refined versions of the MiG-29 with improved avionics were fielded by the Soviet Union, but Mikoyan’s multirole variants, including a [[aircraft carrier|carrier-based]] version designated ''[[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]'', were never produced in large numbers. In the post-Soviet era, MiG-29 development was influenced by the Mikoyan bureau's apparent lesser political clout than rival Sukhoi. Some more advanced versions are still being pursued for export, and updates of existing Russian aircraft are likely. New fighter versions called ''[[Mikoyan MiG-29M|MiG-29M/M2]]'' and ''[[Mikoyan MiG-29M#Variants|MiG-29SMT]]'' have been developed. Furthermore, development of the MiG-29K carrier version has been resumed for the [[Indian Navy]]'s [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], and [[Russian Navy]]'s [[Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier|''Admiral Kuznetsov'' class aircraft carrier]].
 
==ဒီဇိုင်း==
 
===Overview===
[[File:Mig-29UB.jpg|thumb|ဆွစ်လေကြောင်းဆပ်ကပ်အသင်း( [[Swifts (aerobatic team)|Swifts aerobatic team]])၏ MiG-29UB တိုက်လေယာဉ်]]
 
Sharing its origins in the original PFI requirements issued by [[TsAGI]], the MiG-29 has broad aerodynamic similarities to the [[Sukhoi Su-27]], however, there are some notable differences. The MiG-29 has a mid-mounted [[swept wing]] with blended [[leading edge extension|leading-edge root extensions]] (LERXs) swept at around 40°; there are swept tailplanes and two vertical fins, mounted on booms outboard of the engines. Automatic [[Leading edge slats|slats]] are mounted on the [[leading edge]]s of the wings; they are four-segment on early models and five-segment on some later variants. On the [[trailing edge]], there are maneuvering flaps and wingtip [[aileron]]s. At the time of its deployment, it was one of the first jet fighters in service capable of executing the [[Pugachev's Cobra|Pugachev Cobra maneuver]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
 
The MiG-29 has [[hydraulic]] controls and a SAU-451 three-axis [[autopilot]] but, unlike the Su-27, no [[fly-by-wire]] control system. Nonetheless, it is very agile, with excellent instantaneous and sustained turn performance, high-[[angle of attack|alpha]] capability, and a general resistance to spins. The airframe consists primarily of aluminium with some [[composite material]]s, and is stressed for up to 9-''[[g-force|g]]'' (88&nbsp;m/s²) maneuvers. The controls have "soft" limiters to prevent the pilot from exceeding ''g'' and alpha limits, the limiters can be disabled manually.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
===Powerplant and range===
{{Main|Klimov RD-33}}
[[File:Klimov RD-33 turbofan engine.JPG|thumb|RD-33 on display at the Air Force Museum of the Bundeswehr]]
 
The MiG-29 has two widely spaced [[Klimov RD-33]] [[turbofan]] engines, each rated at 50.0&nbsp;kN (11,240&nbsp;lbf) dry and 81.3&nbsp;kN (18,277&nbsp;lbf) in [[afterburner (engine)|afterburner]]. The space between the engines generates lift, thereby reducing effective [[wing loading]], to improve maneuverability. The engines are fed through wedge-type [[intake]]s fitted under the [[Leading edge extension|leading-edge extensions]] (LERXs), which have variable ramps to allow high-[[Mach number|Mach]] speeds. As an adaptation to rough-field operations, the main air inlet can be closed completely and alter using the auxiliary air inlet on the upper fuselage for takeoff, landing and low-altitude flying, preventing [[Foreign object damage|ingestion of ground debris]]. Thereby the engines receive air through louvers on the LERXs which open automatically when intakes are closed. However the latest variant of the family, the [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]], eliminated these dorsal louvers, and adopted the mesh screens design in the main intakes, similar to those fitted to the Su-27.<ref>Lake 1987, p. 94.</ref>
 
The MiG-29 has a ferry range of 1,500&nbsp;km without external fuel tanks, and 2,100&nbsp;km with one external tank.<ref name=RAC_MiG_specs/> The internal fuel capacity of the original MiG-29B is 4,365 litres distributed between six internal [[fuel tank]]s, four in the fuselage and one in each wing. For longer flights, this can be supplemented by a 1,500-litre (330 Imp gal, 395 US gal) centreline [[drop tank]] and, on later production batches, two 1,150-litre (253 Imp gal, 300 US gal) underwing drop tanks. In addition, a small number have been fitted with port-side [[aerial refueling|inflight refueling]] probes, allowing much longer flight times by using a [[Probe and drogue|probe-and-drogue system]]. Some MiG-29B airframes have been upgraded to the "Fatback" configuration (''MiG-29 9–13''), which adds a dorsal-mounted internal fuel tank. Advanced variants, such as the MiG-35, can be fitted with a [[conformal fuel tank]] on the dorsal spine, although none of them have yet entered service.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
===ယာဉ်မောင်းခန်း===
[[File:MiG-29 cockpit 3.jpg|thumb|upright|မစ်-၂၉ ယာဉ်မောင်းခန်း၊ ၁၉၉၅]]
The cockpit features a conventional [[centre stick]] and left hand throttle controls. The pilot sits in a [[NPP Zvezda|Zvezda K-36DM]] zero-zero [[ejection seat]] which has had impressive performance in emergency escapes.
 
The cockpit has conventional dials, with a [[Head-Up Display|head-up display]] (HUD) and a Shchel-3UM [[helmet mounted display]], but no [[HOTAS]] ("hands-on-throttle-and-stick") capability. Emphasis seems to have been placed on making the cockpit similar to the earlier MiG-23 and other Soviet aircraft for ease of conversion, rather than on [[ergonomics]]. Nonetheless, the MiG-29 does have substantially better visibility than most previous Russian jet fighters, thanks to a high-mounted [[bubble canopy|bubble]] [[canopy (aircraft)|canopy]]. Upgraded models introduce "[[glass cockpit]]s" with modern [[LCD|liquid-crystal]] (LCD) [[multi-function display]]s (MFDs) and true HOTAS.
 
===အာရုံခံကိရိယာများ===
The baseline MiG-29B has a [[Phazotron]] RLPK-29 (''Radiolokatsyonnui Pritselnui Kompleks'') [[radar]] [[Fire control system|fire control system (FCS)]] which includes the N019 (Sapfir 29; NATO: 'Slot Back') [[look-down/shoot-down]] coherent [[pulse-Doppler radar]] and the Ts100.02-02 digital computer. Tracking range against a fighter-sized target was only about 70&nbsp;km (38 nmi) in the frontal aspect and 35&nbsp;km (19 nmi) in the rear aspect. Range against bomber-sized targets was roughly double. Ten targets could be displayed in search mode, but the radar had to lock onto a single target for [[semi-active radar homing|semi-active]] homing (SARH). The MiG-29 was not able to reliably utilize the new [[Vympel R-27]]R (NATO: AA-10 "Alamo") long-range SARH missile at its maximum ranges.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
 
[[File:German MIG-29 Nose.jpg|thumb|left|MiG-29 nose showing radome and IRST]]
 
These performance deficiencies stemmed largely from the fact the N019 radar was not, in fact, a new design. Instead, the system was a further development of the architecture already used in Phazotron's Sapfir-23ML system, then in use on the MiG-23ML. During the initial MiG-29 design specification period in the mid-1970s, Phazotron NIIR was tasked with producing a modern radar for the MiG-29. To speed development, Phazotron based its new design on the work undertaken by NPO Istok on the experimental "''Soyuz''" radar program. Accordingly, the N019 was originally intended to have a flat [[Planar array radar|planar array]] antenna and full [[digital signal processing]], giving a detection and tracking range of at least 100&nbsp;km against a fighter-sized target. Given the state of Soviet avionics technology at the time, it was an ambitious goal. Testing and prototypes soon revealed this could not be attained in the required timeframe, at least not in a radar that would fit in the MiG-29's nose. Rather than design a completely new, albeit more modest radar, Phazotron reverted to a version of the twisted-polarization [[Cassegrain antenna]] used successfully on the Sapfir-23ML to save time and cost. This system used the same analog signal processors as their earlier designs, coupled with a NII Argon-designed Ts100 digital computer. While this decision provided a working radar system for the new fighter, it inherited all of the weak points of the earlier design. This reliance on 1960s-era technology continued to plague the MiG-29's ability to detect and track airborne targets at ranges available with the [[Vympel R-27|R-27]] and [[R-77]] missiles, although new designs like the digital N010 ''Zhuk-M'' address the serious signal processing shortcomings inherent in the analog design. Most MiG-29 continue to use the analog N019 or N019M radar, although ''VVS'' has indicated its desire to upgrade all existing MiG-29s to a fully digital system.
 
[[File:MiG-29 gun.jpg|thumb|MiG-29UB on display, showing gunport]]
 
The N019 was further compromised by Phazotron designer [[Adolf Tolkachev]]’s betrayal of the radar to the [[CIA]], for which he was executed in 1986. In response to all of these problems, the Soviets hastily developed a modified N019M ''Topaz'' radar for the upgraded ''MiG-29S'' aircraft. However, ''VVS'' was reportedly still not satisfied with the performance of the system and demanded another upgrade. The latest upgraded aircraft offered the N010 [[Zhuk radar|''Zhuk-M'']], which has a planar array antenna rather than a dish, improving range, and a much superior processing ability, with multiple-target engagement capability and compatibility with the Vympel R-77 (or RVV-AE) (NATO: AA-12 'Adder'). A useful feature the MiG-29 shares with the Su-27 is the S-31E2 KOLS, a combined [[laser rangefinder]] and [[IRST]] in an "eyeball" mount forward of the cockpit canopy. This can be slaved to the radar or used independently, and provides exceptional [[Gun laying|gun-laying]] accuracy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
===လက်နက်များ===
[[File:Mig-29ukraine arms.JPG|thumb|ယူကရိန်းလေတပ်၏ MiG-29 တိုက်လေယာဉ်အား လက်နက်များစုပုံထားလျက်တွေ့ရပုံ]]
 
Armament for the MiG-29 includes a single [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1|GSh-30-1]] 30&nbsp;mm cannon in the port wing root. This originally had a 150-round magazine, which was reduced to 100 rounds in later variants. Original production MiG-29B aircraft cannot fire the cannon when carrying a centerline fuel tank as it blocks the shell ejection port. This issue was corrected in the MiG-29S and later versions. Three pylons are provided under each wing (four in some variants), for a total of six (or eight). The inboard pylons can carry either a 1,150 liter (300 US gal) fuel tank, one ''Vympel'' [[Vympel R-27|R-27]] (AA-10 "Alamo") medium-range air-to-air missile, or unguided bombs or rockets. Some Soviet aircraft could carry a single nuclear bomb on the port inboard station. The outer pylons usually carry [[Vympel R-73|R-73]] (AA-11 "Archer") dogfight missiles, although some users still retain the older [[Molniya R-60|R-60]] (AA-8 "Aphid"). A single 1,500-litre (400 US gal) tank can be fitted to the centerline, between the engines, for ferry flights, but this position is not used for combat stores. The original MiG-29B can carry [[general-purpose bomb]]s and unguided rocket pods, but not [[precision-guided munition]]s. Upgraded models have provision for [[laser-guided bomb|laser-guided]] and electro-optical bombs, as well as [[air-to-surface missile]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
==Operational history==
The Soviet Union exported MiG-29s to several countries. Because 4th-generation fighter jets require the pilots to have extensive training, air-defense infrastructure, and constant maintenance and upgrades, MiG-29s have had mixed operational history with different air forces.<ref name=Strat/>
 
===ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့်ရုရှား===
[[File:MiG-29 at Farnborough.jpg|thumb|၁၉၈၈၊ ဖားဘိုရိုလေကြောင်းပြပွဲ ([[Farnborough Airshow]])တွင်MiG-29UB အားတွေ့ရပုံ]]
 
The MiG-29 was first publicly seen in the West when the Soviet Union displayed the aircraft in [[Finland]] in July 1986. Two MiG-29s were also displayed at the [[Farnborough Airshow]] in Britain in September 1988. The following year, the aircraft conducted flying displays at the 1989 [[Paris Air Show]] where it was involved in a non-fatal crash during the first weekend of the show.<ref>Johnson, Reuben F. [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/788wbhgw.asp "The Paris Air Show Twenty Years On."] ''Weekly Standard'', 18 June 2007. Retrieved: 10 March 2009.</ref> The Paris Air Show display was only the second display of Soviet fighters at an international air show since the 1930s. Western observers were impressed by its apparent capability and exceptional agility. Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, most of the MiG-29s entered service with the newly formed [[Russian Air Force]].
 
In 1993, two MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force collided in mid-air and crashed away from the public at the 1993 [[Royal International Air Tattoo]] (UK). No one was hurt on the ground.<ref>[http://www.airliners.net/open.file/0218115/M/ Photos: "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29S (9-13S) Aircraft Pictures."] ''Airliners.net''. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref> The two [[Aviator|pilot]]s [[Ejector seat|ejected]] and landed safely.<ref>[http://www.sirviper.com/index.php?page=div/mig29_crash "Military Aviation."] ''sirviper.com''. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref> Investigators later determined that a pilot error was the cause, after one pilot did a reverse loop and disappeared into the clouds, the other one lost sight of his [[wingman]] and aborted the routine.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
On 20 April 2008, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] officials claimed a Russian MiG-29 [[2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns|shot down a Georgian]] [[Hermes 450]] [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] and provided video footage from the ill-fated drone showing an apparent MiG-29 launching an air-to-air missile at it. Russia denies that the aircraft was theirs and says they did not have any pilots in the air that day. [[Abkhazia]]’s administration claimed its own forces shot down the drone with an [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39]] aircraft "because it was violating Abkhaz airspace and breaching ceasefire agreements."<ref>Long, Helen. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7358761.stm "Russia ‘shot down Georgia drone’."] ''BBC'', 21 April 2008. Retrieved: 10 March 2009.</ref> UN investigation concluded that the video was authentic and that the drone was shot down by a Russian MiG-29 or Su-27 using a [[Vympel R-73|R-73]] heat seeking missile.<ref>Chivers, C.J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20081013141331/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/26/europe/georgia.php "Georgia."] ''International Herald Tribune'', 26 May 2008. Retrieved: 10 March 2009.</ref>
 
The [[Russian Air Force]] grounded all its MiG-29s following a crash in [[Siberia]] on 17 October 2008.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081017/117800830.html "Russia suspends MiG-29 fighter flights over Siberia crash."] ''[[RIA Novosti]]'', 17 October 2008. Retrieved: 28 March 2009.</ref> Following a second crash with an MiG-29 in east Siberia in December 2008,<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081205/118707921.html "Russian MiG-29 fighter crashes in East Siberia, killing pilot."] ''[[RIA Novosti]]'', 12 May 2008. Retrieved: 28 March 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/62151/russian-mig-29-fighter-crashes-in-east-siberia-pilot-dead.html "Russian MiG-29 fighter crashes in East Siberia: Pilot dead."] ''The Journal of the Turkish Weekly'', 5 December 2008. Retrieved: 28 March 2009.</ref> Russian officials admitted that most MiG-29 fighters in the Russian Air Force were incapable of performing combat duties due to poor maintenance. The age of the aircraft was also an important factor as about 70% of the MiGs were considered to be too old to take to the skies.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090206/120014354.html "Some 70% of Russia's MiG-29 fighters unable to fly – experts."] ''[[RIA Novosti]]'', 2 June 2009. Retrieved: 28 March 2009.</ref> The Russian MiG-29s have not received updates since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This is because the Russian Air Force chose to upgrade the Su-27 and [[Mikoyan MiG-31|MiG-31]] instead. On 4 February 2009, the Russian Air Force resumed flights with the MiG-29.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090204/119984853.html "Russian MiG-29 fighters resume flights after December crash."] ''[[RIA Novosti]]'', 2 April 2009. Retrieved: 28 March 2009.</ref> However, in March 2009, 91 MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force required repair after inspections due to corrosion; approximately 100 MiGs were cleared to continue flying at the time.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/03/19/324017/corrosion-issue-grounds-one-third-of-russian-air-force-mig-29.html "Corrosion issue grounds one-third of Russian air force MiG-29 fleet."] ''Flight International'', 19 March 2009. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref><ref>Litovkin, Dmitry. [http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news199808 "У новых истребителей МиГ-29 выявлена коррозия (MiG-29 pilot did everything to his notice)."] ''Izvestia'', 23 April 2008. Retrieved: 28 March 2009. [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izvestia.ru%2Fnews%2Fnews199808&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (english translation)."] ''google.com''. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref> The Russian Air Force started an update of its early MiG-29s to the more current MiG-29SMT standard.<ref>[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig29/ "MiG-29 Fulcrum High-Performance Combat Aircraft, Russia."] ''Airforce-technology.com.'' Retrieved: 1 July 2011.</ref>
 
===အိန္ဒိယ===
[[File:IAF MiG-29.jpg|thumb|အိန္ဒိယလေတပ်၏ MiG-29 တိုက်လေယာဉ်ပုံ]]
 
[[အိန္ဒိယ]] သည် ပထမဆုံး မစ်-၂၉ မှာယူသည့် ဖောက်သည်ဖြစ်သည်။ အိန္ဒိယလေတပ် (IAF) သည် ၁၉၈၀၊ လေယာဉ်စတင်ထုတ်လုပ်ချိန်မှစပြီး မစ်-၂၉ အစင်းရေ ၅၀ ကို မှာယူခဲ့သည်။ Since its induction into the IAF in 1985, the aircraft has undergone a series of modifications with the addition of new avionics, sub-systems, turbofan engines and radars.<ref>Pike, John. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/baaz.htm "MiG-29 Baaz."] ''globalsecurity.org'', 12 March 2009. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref> The upgraded Indian version is known as ''Baaz'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]] for ''Hawk'') and forms a crucial component of the second-line offensive aircraft-fleet of the IAF after the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
Indian MiG-29s were used extensively during the 1999 [[Kargil War]] in [[Kashmir]] by the Indian Air Force to provide fighter escort for [[Mirage 2000]]s, which were attacking targets with [[laser-guided bomb]]s. According to Indian sources, two MiG-29s from the IAF's No. 47 squadron (Black Archers) gained [[missile lock-on|missile lock]] on two F-16s of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) which were patrolling close to the border to prevent any incursions by Indian aircraft, but did not engage them because no official declaration of war had been issued. The Indian MiG-29s were armed with beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles whereas the Pakistani F-16s were not.<ref>Kapisthalam, Kaushik. [http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20050520.aspx "Warplanes Article Index."] ''Strategypage.com,'' 20 May 2005. Retrieved: 16 May 2009.</ref>
 
The MiG-29’s good operational record prompted India to sign a deal with Russia in 2005—2006 to upgrade all of its MiG-29s for US$888&nbsp;million. Under the deal, the Indian MiGs were modified to be capable of deploying the R-77RVV-AE (AA-12 'Adder') air-to-air missile. The missiles had been successfully tested in October 1998 and were integrated into IAF's MiG-29s. IAF has also awarded the MiG Corporation another US$900&nbsp;million contract to upgrade all of its 69 operational MiG-29s. These upgrades will include a new avionics fit, with the N-109 radar being replaced by a Phazatron ''Zhuk-M'' radar. The aircraft is also being equipped to enhance beyond-visual-range combat ability and for air-to-air refuelling to increase endurance.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports-1328 "India's MiG-29 fighter jets to be upgraded by Russia."] ''India Defence'', 8 February 2006. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref> In 2007, Russia also gave India’s [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) a licence to manufacture 120 [[RD-33 series 3]] turbofan engines for the upgrade.<ref>[http://en.klimov.ru/media/news/2007-01-24/ "India has acquired the right to manufacture Saint-Petersburg’s engines."] ''Klimov'', 24 January 2007. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref> The upgrade will also include a new weapon control system, cockpit [[ergonomics]], air-to-air missiles, high-accuracy air-to-ground missiles and "smart" aerial bombs. The first six MiG-29s will be upgraded in Russia while the remaining 63 MiGs will be upgraded at the HAL facility in India. India also awarded a multi-million dollar contract to [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] to provide avionics and subsystems for the upgrade.<ref>Pandit, Rajat. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2846675.cms "India, Russia ink MiG-29 upgrade deal."] ''Times of India'', 8 March 2008. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref>
 
In March 2009, the Indian Air Force expressed concern after 90 MiG-29s were grounded in Russia.<ref>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70884&Itemid=2 "India is worried about its fleet of MiG-29s."] ''app.com.pk'', 14 March 2009. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref> After carrying out an extensive inspection, the IAF cleared all MiG-29s in its fleet in March 2009.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11012252.htm "India says its MiG-29 safe despite Russian grounding of such aircraft."] ''xinhuanet.com'', 14 March 2009. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.</ref> In a disclosure in Parliament, Defence Minister A. K. Antony said the MiG-29 is structurally flawed in that it has a tendency to develop cracks due to corrosion in the tail fin. Russia has shared this finding with India, which emerged after the crash of a Russian Air Force MiG-29 in December 2008. "A repair scheme and preventive measures are in place and IAF has not encountered major problems concerning the issue," Antony said.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/antony-spills-the-beans-says-mig29-structurally-flawed/97226-3.html "Antony spills the beans, says Mig-29 structurally flawed."] ''ibnlive.in.com''. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref> Despite concerns of Russia's grounding, India sent the first six of its 78 MiG-29s to Russia for upgrades in 2008. The upgrade program will fit the MiGs with a [[phased array radar]] (PESA) and in-flight re-fuelling capability.<ref name=Strat>[http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20090721.aspx "More MiG Malfunctions."] ''Strategy Page'', 21 July 2009. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref>
 
၂၀၁၀၊ ဇန္နဝါရီတွင် အိန္ဒိယနှင့်ရုရှားတို့သည် အိန္ဒိယလေတပ်အတွက် အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ ၁.၂တန်ဖိုးရှိ မစ်-၂၉ တိုက်လေယာဉ် ၂၉ စင်း အရောင်းအဝယ်စာချုပ်ချုပ်ဆိုခဲ့ကြသည်။ အိန္ဒိယရေတပ်တွင် မစ်-၂၉ တိုက်လေယာဉ်စုစုပေါင်း ၄၀ စီးရှိလာမည်ဖြစ်သည်။ <ref name=TOI>Pandit, Rajat. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Russia-to-ink-12-bn-deal-for-29-more-MiG-29Ks/articleshow/5460879.cms "India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks."] ''The Times of India,'' 18 January 2010. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> The MiG-29K entered service with the Indian Navy on 19 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/news605304.html "Indian Navy inducts ‘lethal’ MiG-29K."] ''zeenews.com'', 19 February 2010. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ မစ်-၂၉ များကို MiG-29UPG အဖြစ်အဆင့်မြှင့်တင်မည်ဖြစ်သည်။ This version is similar to the SMT variant but differs by having a foreign-made avionics suite.<ref name="Indian MiG-29 upgrade.">[http://en.take-off.ru/news/102-feb2011/558-mig-29upg-india-02-2011 "Indian MiG-29 upgrade."] ''en.rian.ru.''Retrieved: 2 September 2012.</ref> The upgrade to latest MiG-29UPG standard is in process, which will include latest avionics, Zhuk-ME Radar, engine, weapon control systems, enhancing multirole capabilities by many-fold.<ref name=pib.nic.in>Sabha, Lok. [http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=54392 "Upgradation of MIG-29 squadrons."] ''pib.nic.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref name=en.rian.ru>[http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090918/156169883.html "Russia to complete overhaul of 63 Indian fighter jets in 2013."] ''en.rian.ru,'' 18 October 2009. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> As of 2012, Indian UPG version is the most advanced MiG-29 variant.<ref name="flightglobal.com">[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-unified-mig-29-has-bright-future-says-korotkov-373456/ "Unified' MiG-29 has bright future, says Korotkov."] ''flightglobal.com,'' July 2012. Retrieved: 2 September 2012.</ref> The [[Director-General]] of MiG, Sergei Korotkov said, "The most advanced is the MiG-29UPG, implemented in India in collaboration with local industry".<ref name="flightglobal.com"/> RAC MiG has upgraded the first six MiG-29UPG fighters for India by October 2012.<ref>[http://idrw.org/?p=15246]</ref> The first three aircraft were delivered in December 2012, over two years behind schedule.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-delivers-3-upgraded-mig29s-to-india/article4185028.ece</ref>
 
===ယူဂိုစလားဗီးယား===
 
[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|ယူဂိုစလားဗီးယား]]သည် မစ်-၂၉ စတင်အသုံးပြုသော ဆိုဗီယက်ပြင်ပရှိ ဥရောပနိုင်ငံဖြစ်သည်။ ယူဂိုစလားဗီးယားနိုင်ငံသည် ၁၉၈၇ တွင် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုမှ MiG-29B တိုက်လေယာဉ် ၁၄ စီးနှင့် MiG-29UBနှစ်စီးကိုလက်ခံရရှိခဲ့သည်။
ဆားဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ၊ ဘယ်လ်ဂရိတ်မြို့မြောက်ဖက်ရှိဘာတန်နီကာလေတပ်စခန်းရှိ အမှတ် ၁၂၇ လေတပ်တွင် MiG-29 များစတင်တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်ခဲ့သည်။ <ref>Gordon and Davison 2005, p. 77.</ref>
 
ယူဂိုစလဗ် မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်များသည် ယခင်က တိုက်ပွဲဝင်မှုအနည်းငယ်သာရှိခဲ့သော်လည်း ယူဂိုစလားဗီးယားပြည်တွင်းစစ်ဖြစ်ပွားလာချိန်တွင် မြေပြင်ပစ်မှတ်များအတွက် အဓိကတိုက်လေယာဉ်အဖြစ်အသုံးပြုခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၉၁တွင် ခရိုအေးရှားနိုင်ငံ၊ အိုစီဂျက်မြို့အနီး စီဖင်လေယာဉ်ကွင်းတွင် ခရိုအေးရှားတို့အသုံးပြုသော [[Antonov An-2]] လေယာဉ်အများအပြားသည် မြေပြင်ပေါ်မှာပင် မစ်-၂၉ တိုက်လေယာဉ်များ၏ဖျက်ဆီးခြင်းကိုခံလိုက်ရသည်။ မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်များမှာမူ တစ်စီးမှဆုံးရှုံးခြင်းမရှိခဲ့ပေ။ <ref name=ACIG_380>[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_380.shtml "Yugoslav & Serbian MiG-29s."] ''Air Combat Information Group'', 30 November 2003. Retrieved: 14 October 2009.</ref> At least two MiG-29 carried out an air strike on [[Banski dvori]], the official residence of the [[Government of Croatia|Croatian Government]], on 7 October 1991.<ref>Oppenheim, John and Willem-Jan van der Wolf. ''Global war crimes tribunal collection, Volume 1, Part 1''. Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Global Law Association, 1997, p. 404.</ref>
 
မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်များသည် ဖယ်ဒရယ်ယူဂိုစလားဗီးယားသမ္မတနိုင်ငံခေတ်အထိဆက်လက်တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ တိုင်းပြည်အပေါ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၏လက်နက်ပိတ်ဆို့မှုကြောင့် မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်များ၏အခြေအနေပိုဆိုးလာသည်။ ၁၉၉၉တွင် မဟာမိတ်တပ်များစစ်ဆင်ရေးမစတင်မီ ယူဂိုစလဗ် မစ်-၂၉ များသည် ၁၂ နှစ်သက်တမ်းရှိပြီး အပိုပစ္စည်းများပြတ်တောက်ပြီး ထိန်းသိမ်းပြုပြင်မှုမပြုလုပ်နိုင်ပေ။ ၁၉၉၉ မတ်လတွင် ယူဂိုစလဗ်လေတပ်တွင် မစ်-၂၉ တိုက်လေယာဉ် ၁၁ စီးရှိသည်။ {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
A total of six MiG-29s were shot down during the [[Kosovo War]], of which three were shot down by USAF F-15s, one by a USAF F-16, and one by a Dutch F-16.<ref>Lok, Joris Janssen, [http://www.janes.com/defence/news/kosovo/jdw990401_01_n.shtml "How Dutch F-16AMs shot down a Mig-29."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''janes.com''. Retrieved: 7 September 2009.</ref> One aircraft, according to pilot, was hit by [[friendly fire]] from the ground.<ref>[http://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/RTS+1/60209/Niko+nije+rekao+ne%C4%87u%2C+drugi+deo.html Niko nije rekao neću, drugi deo Predrag Milutinović pilot]</ref> Another four were destroyed on the ground.<ref name=ejection-history.org.uk>[http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/mig-29.htm "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum: Losses & Ejections."] ''ejection-history.org.uk'', 17 October 2008. Retrieved: 7 September 2009.</ref> Some Russian sources claim that a MiG-29 shot down an F-16 on 26 March 1999,<ref>Генерал Великович на авиашоу (довоенная фотография). 26 марта ему предстояло сбить F-16 (88-0490 [http://artofwar.ru/img/z/zampini_d_f/text_0580/index.shtml Генерал Великович на авиашоу (довоенная фотография). 26 марта ему предстояло сбить F-16C (88-0490]</ref> but this kill is disputed, as the F-16C in question was said to have crashed in the US that same day.<ref>Dewitte, Lieven. [http://www.f-16.net/news_article229.html "The US Air Force suspended all F-16 fighter flights at Luke Air Force Base."] ''F-16.net,'' 26 March 1999. Quote: "The US Air Force suspended all F-16 fighter flights at Luke Air Force Base."</ref>
 
Most historians attribute the downing of a [[Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk|F-117]] as being shot down by SAM commander [[Zoltan Dani]].<ref>[http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Farticles%2F2005%2F11%2F23%2Ff117%2F&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8 "F-117 (English translation)."] ''lenta.rum''(in Russian), 23 November 2009. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> Russian sources have claimed a F-117 was shot down by a MiG-29<ref>[http://paralay.com/f117.html "Американцы снимут с вооружения истребители-невидимки F-117 (in Russian)".] ''Paralay.com.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/transcript/1565724.html "Впервые для печати: как сербам удалось сбить американский самолет-невидимку" (in Russian).] ''Svobodanews,'' 1 April 2009. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.airwar.ru/history/locwar/europe/mig29yug/mig29yug.html "МиГ-29 в Югославии" (in Russian).] ''airwar.ru.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.vremia.ua/rubrics/zakulisa/2044.php "Грязная поступь информационной войны, или Как ВВС НАТО скрывают свои потери" (in Russian).] ''vremia.ua,'' 3 August 2012. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4332DxuNjM&feature=BFa&list=PL8D58E888D8E1D07C "Ударная сила: Рождённый побеждать &#91;МиГ-29&#93;" (in Russian).] ''Youtube.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sXiaNxDaxs&feature=BFa&list=PL8D58E888D8E1D07C " Voennoe Delo: Stealth Technologies! (English subtitles)."] ''Youtube.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref> piloted by Lt. Gvozden Djukic, which was the [[nom de guerre]] of Zoltan Dani.<ref>[http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fartofwar.ru%2Fz%2Fzampini_d_f%2Ftext_0580.shtml&sl=ru&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8 "MiG-29 (English translation)."] ''artofwar.ru''. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>Lazanski, Miroslav. [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Frubrike%2FDrustvo%2Ft23692.lt.html&sl=sr&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8 (Kako je oboren F-117: English translation) "F-117."] ''[[Politika]]'', Serbia. Retrieved 2 August 2010.</ref>
 
ဆားဘီးယားနှင့်မွန်တီနီဂရိုးလေတပ်သည် ကျန်ရှိသော မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်ငါးစီးကို စစ်ပြီးခေတ်တွင် အနည်းငယ်ဆက်လက်ပျံသန်းခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀၀၄ နွေဦးတွင် ထိန်းသိမ်းပြုပြင်နိုင်ခြင်းမရှိတော့သောကြောင့် မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်များအသုံးပြုမှုရပ်ဆိုင်းခဲ့သည်။ <ref name=ACIG_380/> ၂၀၀၇ တွင် မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်ငါးစီးလုံးအား ရုရှားသို့ပို့ပြီးပြုပြင်အဆင့်မြှင့်ခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀၀၈ တွင် မစ်-၂၉ တစ်စီးပျက်ကျပြီး လေယာဉ်မှူးနှင့်မြေပြင်ပေါ်ရှိစစ်သားတစ်ဦးသေဆုံးခဲ့သည်။ {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
===ဂျာမနီ===
 
The [[ဂျာမန်ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ]] (အရှေ့ဂျာမနီဟုလည်းလူသိများသည်) သညည် မစ်--၂၉ လေယာဉ် ၂၄ စီး ဝယ်ယူခဲ့သည်။ bought 24 MiG-29s (20 MiG-29As, four MiG-29UBs), which entered service in 1988–1989. After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in November 1989 and [[reunification of Germany]] in October 1990, the MiG-29s and other aircraft of the East German ''[[Luftstreitkräfte der NVA]]'' were integrated into the West [[German Air Force]]. After upgrades by [[DaimlerChrysler Aerospace]] (now [[EADS]]) for NATO compatibility, they were designated ''MiG-29G'' and ''MiG-29GT''. In March 1991, one of the MiG-29s in German service was transferred to the USAF for evaluation, along with several [[Su-22]]s and MiG-23s{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}.
 
[[File:Mikoyan mig29.jpg|thumb|left|A German Air Force MiG-29]]
 
The [[Federation of American Scientists]] claims the MiG-29 is equal or better than the F-15C in some areas such as short aerial engagements because of the [[Helmet mounted display|Helmet Mounted Weapons Sight]] (HMS) and better maneuverability at slow speeds.<ref name= FAS_MiG-29>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/mig-29.htm "MiG-29 Fulcrum (Mikoyan-Gurevich)."] ''FAS.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> This was demonstrated when MiG-29s of the German Air Force participated in joint [[DACT]] exercises with US fighters.<ref name= Lucia>Neely, SrA. Dan. [http://aeroweb.lucia.it/rap/RAFAQ/Buzzards.html "Aviano Vigileer: 'Buzzards' Fly With MiG 29s."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''AeroWeb.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref name= Code_One>[http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1995/articles/jul_95/july2a_95.html#top "Code One, 1995-07."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''codeonemagazine.com.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2010.</ref> The HMS was a great help, allowing the Germans to achieve a lock on any target the pilot could see within the missile field of view, including those almost 45 degrees off [[boresight]].<ref>Lake 1997, p. 70.</ref> In contrast, the American aircraft were only able to lock onto targets in a narrow window directly in front of the aircraft’s nose. It was not until late 2003 that the USAF and [[United States Navy|US Navy]] achieved Initial Operational Capability of the [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]].
 
Since 1993 the German MiGs were stationed with 1./JG73 "''Steinhoff''" in [[Laage]] near [[Rostock]]. During the service in the German Air Force one MiG-29 ("29+09") was destroyed during an accident on 25 June 1996 due to pilot error. By 2003, German Air Force pilots had flown over 30,000 hours in the MiG-29. In September 2003, 22 of the 23 remaining machines were sold to the [[Polish Air Force]] for the symbolic price of €1 per item.<ref name= PL>[http://lotnictwo.net/doc.php?doc=03100401 "MiGi za 1 euro w Bydgoszczy." {{pl icon}}]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''lotnictwo.net.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2010.</ref> The last aircraft were transferred in August 2004.<ref name= Bilder>[http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/NEWS/Bilder_e.htm "Bilder."] ''Fabulous Fulcrums''. Retrieved: 9 February 2011.</ref> The 23rd MiG-29 ("29+03") was put on display at Laage.<ref name=Bundeswehr>[http://www.mgfa.de/html/bildAnzeige.php?img_id=633 "Bundeswehr."] ''mgfa.de.''Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
===Poland===
[[File:MiG-29A-2005-Poznan.jpg|thumb|ပိုလန်လေတပ်၏ မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်]]
 
The first 12 MiG-29 (nine MiG-29As, three MiG-29UB) were delivered to Poland in 1989–1990. The aircraft were based at [[Mińsk Mazowiecki]] and used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment, which was reorganized in 2001 as ''[[1 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego]]'' (''1. elt''), or 1st Tactical Squadron (TS). In 1995-1996, 10 used examples were acquired from the Czech Republic (nine MiG-29As, one MiG-29UB). After the retirement of its MiG-23s in 1999, and MiG-21s in 2004, Poland was left for a time with only these 22 MiG-29s in the interceptor role.
 
In 2004 Poland received 22 MiG-29s from the [[German Air Force]]. A total of 14 of these were overhauled and taken into service, equipping the 41st Tactical Squadron (''41. elt'') and replacing its MiG-21s. At present Poland has 32 active MiG-29s (26 MiG-29As, six MiG-29UB) which will serve at least until 2012–2015. They are currently stationed with the [[1st Tactical Squadron]] at the [[23rd Air Base]] near [[Mińsk Mazowiecki]] and the [[41st Tactical Squadron|41st TS]] at the [[22nd Air Base]] near [[Malbork]]. As of 2008, Poland is the biggest NATO MiG-29 user. The possibility of modernising the fighters to enable them to serve until 2020–2025 is being contemplated, depending on whether cooperation with Mikoyan can be established.
 
There have been unconfirmed reports that Poland had at one point leased a MiG-29 from their own inventory to [[Israel]] for evaluation and the aircraft has since been returned to Poland, as suggested by photographs of a MiG-29 in Israeli use. Three Polish Mig-29A were reported in Israel for evaluation between April and May 1997 at [[Negev|Negev desert]].<ref>[http://gdziewojsko.wordpress.com/listy/mig-29/"Mikojan Gurewicz MiG-29 w Wojsku Polskim" (in Polish).] ''gdziewojsko.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref> On 7 September 2011 the Polish Air Force awarded a contract to the WZL 2 company to modernise its MiG-29 fleet to be compatible with Polish F-16s.<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7611560&c=EUR&s=AIR "Poland Signs $44.5M Deal To Modernize MiG-29s."] ''Defense News,'' 7 September 2011.</ref>
 
===အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု===
[[File:U.S. F-16C Fighting Falcon and Polish Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A over Krzesiny air base, Poland - 20050615.jpg|thumb|ပိုလန်လေတပ်မှ မစ်-၂၉ လေယာဉ်အား အမေရိကန်လေတပ်၏ [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]လေယာဉ်နှင့်အတူတွေ့ရပုံ]]
 
In 1997, the United States purchased 21 [[Moldova]]n aircraft under the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program]]. Fourteen were MiG-29Ss, which are equipped with an active radar jammer in its spine and are capable of being armed with nuclear weapons. Part of the United States’ motive to purchase these aircraft was to prevent them from being sold to "rogue states", especially Iran.<ref name= link>[http://www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1197 "Transcript."] ''Defense Link.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2010.</ref> This purchase could also provide the United States Air Force with a working evaluation and data for the MiG-29, and possibly for use in dissimilar air combat training. Such information may prove valuable in any future conflicts and can aid in the design and testing of current and future weapons platforms. In late 1997, the MiGs were delivered to the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] near [[Dayton, Ohio]], though many of the former Moldovan MiG-29s are believed to have been scrapped.
 
===Iraq===
Iraq received a number of MiG-29 fighters, and used MiG-29s to engage Iranian equivalent opponents like [[Grumman F-14|F-14]], [[McDonnell Douglas F-4|F-4]] and [[Northrop F-5|F-5]] during the later stages of the [[Iran-Iraq War]]. In addition to MiG-29s, the Iraqi Air Force used Soviet-made fighters such as the [[Mikoyan MiG-21|MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-23|MiG-23]], [[Mikoyan MiG-25|MiG-25]], [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22]], [[Sukhoi Su-24|Su-24]], [[Sukhoi Su-25|Su-25]], [[Mikoyan MiG-27|Mig-27]], bombers such as the Soviet-made [[Tupolev Tu-22|Tu-22]], and other multi-role aircraft such as the [[Mirage F1|Dassault Mirage F1]] and [[Super Étendard|Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard]] to fight against Iranian forces.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
MiG-29s also saw combat in the 1991 [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] with the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. Five MiG-29s were shot down by USAF F-15s.<ref name=steve_davies>Steve Davies. ''F-15C Eagle Units in Combat'', p. 88. Osprey Combat Aircraft 53.</ref> Some Russian sources reported that at least one [[Panavia Tornado]], ''ZA467'', was shot down in northwestern Iraq by a MiG-29.<ref>[http://army.lv/?s=502&id=132&v=9 "один самолет Панавиа «Торнадо» английских ВВС'' [Tornados: BBC, (in Russian).] ''army.lv.'' Retrieved: 23 October 2010.</ref><ref name=Iraqi_air_victories_during_Gulf_War>[http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/victories-iraq-gulf.war.pdf "Iraqi air-air victories during the Gulf War 1991."] ''safarikovi.org.com,'' 2004. Retrieved: 7 December 2009.</ref> UK sources claim this Tornado to have crashed on 22 January on a mission to [[Ar Rutbah]].<ref name=asn-za467>[http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=55429 "ASN Aircraft accident Panavia Tornado GR1 ZA467."] ''Flight Safety Foundation'' via ''aviation-safety.net,'' 21 December 2009.</ref>
 
Other Iraqi air-to-air kills are reported in Russian sources, where the US claims other cases of combat damage, such as the B-52 "In HARM's way", which the US claims was hit by friendly fire, when an [[AGM-88 HARM|AGM-88]] High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed "In HARM's Way".<ref>Lake 2004, pp. 47–48.</ref>
 
Iraq's original fleet of 37 MiG-29s was reduced to 12 after the Gulf War. One MiG-29 was damaged, and four were evacuated to Iran.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/airforce.htm "Iran Air Force."] ''globalsecurity.org''. Retrieved: 19 July 2009</ref> The remaining 12 aircraft were withdrawn from use in 1995 because the engines needed to be overhauled but Iraq could not send off them for that work.<ref>Woods, Kevin M. [http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA484530 "Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II, Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008)."] ''Defense Technical Information Center'' via ''oai.dtic.mil.'' Retrieved: 23 October 2010.</ref>
 
After the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and disbandment of the Iraqi Army in May of the same year,<ref>Kaplan, Fred. [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2007/09/who_disbanded_the_iraqi_army.html "Who disbanded the Iraqi army?"] ''Slate Magazine,'' 7 September 2007. Retrieved: 9 December 2011.</ref> the remaining Russian-made and Chinese-made fighters of Iraqi forces had been decommissioned, and to be replaced by recently ordered US-made [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]<ref>Cox, Bob. [http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/iraq/iraq-s-order-of-18-f-16s-from-lockheed-martin-is-official-1.162585 "Iraq's order of 18 F-16s from Lockheed Martin is official."] ''www.stripes.com,'' 6 December 2011. Retrieved: 9 December 2011</ref> New Iraqi government was seeking to buy MiG-29s from Russia in 2012.{{cn|date=January 2013}}{{dubious|date=January 2013}}
 
===North Korea===
The [[Korean People's Air Force]] is believed to be operating about 40 MiG-29Bs and MiG-29SEs divided into the 55th and 57th fighter regiments based at Sunchon and Onchon, respectively.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/air-force-equipment.htm "North Korea Air Force Equipment."] ''globalsecirity.com.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref> These were first encountered and photographed by the USAF in March 2003 when a pair of KPAF MiG-29s intercepted an RC-135S reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>[http://www6.atwiki.jp/namacha/pages/230.html "MiG-29戦闘機（ファルクラム）（北朝鮮）" (in Japanese).] ''atwiki.jp,'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref>{{Verify source|date=February 2012}}
 
===Other countries===
A [[Cuba]]n MiG-29UB shot down two [[Cessna 337]]s belonging to the organisation [[Brothers to the Rescue]] in 1996, after the aircraft approached Cuban airspace.<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/86-99.html "Cuba."] ''UMN.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
[[File:Slovak Air Force MiG-29AS.JPG|thumb|left|A MiG-29AS of the [[Slovak Air Force]]]]
 
According to some reports, in the 1999 [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]], up to six [[Eritrea]]n MiG-29s were shot down by [[Ethiopia]]n [[Su-27]]s piloted by Russian mercenaries.<ref>Smith, Charles. [http://www.cuttingedge.org/News/n1389.cfm ""Russian Mercenaries Flying For Ethiopia."] ''WorldNetDaily'', 18 July 2000. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> There are also some other reports of Eritrean MiG-29s shooting down two Ethiopian MiG-21s, three MiG-23s, and an Su-25.<ref name= Eritrean>Cooper, Tom and Jonathan Kyzer. [http://web.archive.org/web/20090210141029/http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=138&Itemid=47 "Ethiopian Eritrean War, 1998–2000."] ''ACIG.org'', 10 February 2008. Retrieved: 25 July 2011.</ref>
 
There are reports that on 14 September 2001 two [[Syria]]n Air Force MiG-29s were shot down by two IDF/AF F-15C while the MiGs were intercepting an Israeli reconnaissance aircraft off the coast of [[Lebanon]]. However, both Syria and Israel deny that this occurred.<ref>[http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/mig-29.htm "Ejection history."] ''ejection-history.org.uk.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/05/breaking2453413.05625.html "Israel downed 2 Syrian MiGs in 2001."] ''WorldTribune.com.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>Cooper, Tom. [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_437.shtml "Israeli-Syrian Shadow-Boxing."] ''ACIG,'' 30 September 2003. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
Russia moved to expand its growing military influence in the Middle East when it announced it is giving Lebanon 10 fighter jets, in the most significant upgrade of Lebanon's military since the civil war ended almost two decades ago. Russia's defence ministry said it was giving the secondhand MiG-29s to Beirut free of charge. The gift was part of a defence cooperation deal that would see Moscow train Lebanese military personnel.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/18/russia-lebanon-jets-arms-supply "Russia Lebanon jets arms supply."] ''guardian.co.uk.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
There have been occasional claims regarding the use of [[Sudan]]ese Air Force MiG-29s against insurgent forces in [[Darfur]]. However, whereas [[Mil Mi-24|Mi-24]] 'Hind' combat helicopters as well as [[Nanchang Q-5|A-5]] 'Fantan' or, more recently, [[Su-25]] "Frogfoot" ground-attack aircraft have been spotted and photographed on Darfurian air fields, no MiG-29s have been observed. On 10 May 2008, a Darfur rebel group, the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) mounted an [[2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum|assault]] on the Sudanese capital. During this action, the JEM shot down a [[Sudanese Air Force]] MiG-29 with 12.7&nbsp;mm and 14.5&nbsp;mm heavy machine gun fire while it was attacking a convoy of vehicles in the [[Khartoum]] suburb of [[Omdurman]]. The aircraft was piloted by a Russian mercenary. He was killed in action as his parachute did not open after ejecting.<ref>[http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20080530.aspx "Russian Fighter Pilot Shot Down In Sudan."] ''strategypage.com,'' 30 May 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>Ali, Wasil. [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27350 "Russia says fighter pilot shot down in Sudan was an ex-military officer."] ''sudantribune.com,'' 30 May 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/af_sudan0189_05_29.asp "Russian pilots fly Sudan MIGs in Darfour missions."] ''WorldTribune.com,'' 29 May 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
During the brief [[2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict]], on 4 April 2012, Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) claimed the downing of a Sudanese MiG-29 using antiaircraft guns. The Sudan government denied the claim.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201204050273.html "South Sudan: Nation Guns Down War Plane, Khartoum Denies."] ''Allafrica,'' 5 April 2012.</ref> On 16 April 2012, the SPLA issued a second claim about the downing of a Sudanese MiG-29.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/BREAKING-NEWS-SPLA-shoots-down,42284 "SPLA shoots down Khartoum jet fighter over Heglig: officials."] ''Sudan Tribune,'' 17 April 2012.</ref> It was not clear if this second claim referred to the previous one.
 
===Civilian===
The MiG-29 is available for flights of civilian passengers. Civilian flights started due to financial problems on [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] in the Russian city [[Zhukovsky (city)|Zhukovsky]]. Those flights in [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25]], MiG-29 and [[Sukhoi Su-27]] stopped in July 2006, when civilian flights in MiG-29 and [[Mikoyan MiG-31]] started from [[Nizhny Novgorod]].
 
==Variants==
There are currently several upgrade programmes conducted by the Russian Air Force for MiG-29 fighters which envisage: upgrading of the avionics suite to comply with NATO / ICAO (www.icao.int) standards, extension of the aircraft service life to 4,000 flight hours (40 years), upgrading combat capabilities and reliability, safety enhancements. In 2005 the Russian Aircraft Corporation “MiG” started production of new unified family of multirole fighters of the 4++ generation (aircraft-carrier based MiG-29K, front-line MiG-29M and MiG-35 fighters).
 
[[File:BAF MiG-29s in flight Garchev.png|thumb|A squadron of [[Bulgarian Air Force]] MiG-29 "Fulcrum-A"]]
 
;MiG-29 (Product 9.12)
:Initial production version; entered service in 1983. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-A".
 
;MiG-29B-12 (Product 9.12A)
:Downgraded export version for [[Warsaw Pact]] (9.12A) and non-Warsaw Pact nations (9.12B). Lacked a nuclear weapon delivery system and possessed downgraded radar, ECM and IFF. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-A".
 
;MiG-29UB-12 (Product 9.51)
:Twin seat training model. Infra-red sensor mounted only, no radar. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-B".
 
;MiG-29S
: The MiG-29S is similar in external appearance to older MiG-29B [[airframe]]s, except for the dorsal hump behind the cockpit canopy. Differences start with the improvements in the flight control system. Four new computers provide better stability augmentation and controllability with an increase of 2° in [[angle of attack]] (AoA). Its improved mechanical-hydraulic [[aircraft flight control systems|flight control system]] allows for greater control surface deflections. The MiG-29S's dorsal hump, earning it the nickname "Fatback" in service, was originally believed to be for additional fuel, but in fact, most of its volume is used for the new L-203BE Gardenyia-1 [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] system.
 
:The MiG-29S can carry 1,150 liter (304 US gallon, 2,000&nbsp;lb) drop tanks under each wing and a centerline tank. Inboard underwing [[hardpoint]]s are upgraded to allow for a tandem pylon arrangement for a larger payload of 4,000&nbsp;kg (8,820&nbsp;lb). Overall maximum gross weight has been raised to 20,000&nbsp;kg (44,000&nbsp;lb). The GSh-30-1 cannon had its expended round ejector port modified to allow for firing while the centerline tank is still attached. Improvements also allow for new longer-range air-to-air missiles like the R-27E (AA-10 "Alamo") and R-77 (AA-12 "Adder").
 
:Initially, the avionics of the MiG-29S only added a new IRST sighting system combined with a better imbedded training system that allowed for IR and radar target simulation. However, the final MiG-29S improvement kit also provides for the Phazotron N019M radar and more [[Built-In Test Equipment|built-in test equipment]] (BITE) (especially for the radar) to reduce dependence on ground support equipment; [[MAPO|MiG MAPO]] calls this model the ''MiG-29SD''. Revised weapon system algorithms in the MiG-29S's software, combined with an increase in processing capacity, allows for the tracking of up to 10 targets and the simultaneous engagement of two with the R-77 missile.
 
:The MiG-29S also has a limited ground-attack capability with unguided munitions, but in order to transform the MiG-29 into a true multirole fighter, MAPO designed the ''MiG-29SM'' variant with the improved avionics necessary to carry and employ precision-guided weapons. The "SE/SD/SM" improvements in the MiG-29S, combined with the development money made available for the naval MiG-29K, gave MAPO the incentive to forge ahead with the multirole [[Mikoyan MiG-29M|MiG-29M "Super Fulcrum"]].
 
:Flight performance of the MiG-29S is but slightly reduced due to the additional weight of the additional fuel and avionics. Only 48 MiG-29S new-built airframes were produced for the Russian VVS before funding was cut. Of this number, it is unknown how many are the standard air-superiority "S" version and how many are the multirole "SM" version. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-C".
 
;MiG-29S-13 (Product 9.13)
:MiG-29 variant similar to the 9.12, but with an enlarged fuselage spine containing additional fuel and a ''Gardeniya'' active jammer. Product 9.13S is also version with the same airframe as the 9.13, but with an increased external weapons load of 4,000&nbsp;kg, and provision for two underwing fuel tanks. Radar upgraded to N019ME, providing an ability to track 10 targets and engage two simultaneously. Compatible with the [[Vympel R-77]] (AA-12 "Adder") [[air-to-air missile]] (similar to the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]). NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-C".
 
;MiG-29SM (Product 9.13M)
:Similar to the 9.13, but with the ability to carry guided air-to-surface missiles and TV- and [[laser-guided bomb]]s. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-C".
 
[[File:MiG-29 Fulcrum B Luftwaffe.jpg|thumb|German MiG-29GT]]
;MiG-29G/MiG-29GT
:It was an upgrade standard for the German Air Force's MiG-29 / 29UB, inherited from the former East Germany to the NATO standards. Works was done by MiG Aircraft Product Support GmbH (MAPS), a joint venture company form between MiG Moscow Aviation Production Association and [[DaimlerChrysler Aerospace]] in 1993.<ref>[http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2007/ic/article2/ "Moscow Defense Brief."] ''mdb.cast.ru.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
;MiG-29AS/MiG-29UBS (MiG-29SD)
:Slovak Air Force performed an upgrade on their MiG-29/-29UB for NATO compatibility. Work is done by RAC MiG and Western firms, starting from 2005. The aircraft now has navigation and communications systems from Rockwell Collins, an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] system from BAE Systems, new glass cockpit features multi-function LC displays and digital processors and also fitted to be integrate with Western equipment in the future. However, the armaments of the aircraft remain unchanged. 12 out of 21 of the entire MiG-29 fleet were upgraded and had been delivered as of late February, 2008.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080229/100357673.html "Russian MiG-29."] ''en.rian.ru.''Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
[[File:MiG-29 Sniper in Bucharest.JPG|thumb|MiG-29 ''Sniper'']]
;MiG-29 ''Sniper''
:Upgrade planned for [[Romanian Air Force]], by Israeli firms. First flight occurred on 5 May 2000. The program was halted along with the retiring of Romanian MiG-29s in 2003. The latter occurred because of high maintenance costs, which led to the [[Romanian Government]]'s decision to halt the MiG-29 program and further invest in the MiG-21 LanceR program.
 
[[File:MiG-29M NTW 7 8 93.jpg|thumb|MiG-29M]]
;MiG-29M / MiG-33 (Product 9.15)
{{Main|Mikoyan MiG-29M}}
:Advanced multirole variant, with a redesigned airframe, mechanical flight controls replaced by a [[fly-by-wire]] system and powered by enhanced RD-33 ser.3M engines. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-E".
 
;MiG-29UBM (Product 9.61)
:Two-seat training variant of the MiG-29M. Never built. Effectively continued under the designation 'MiG-29M2'.
 
[[File:МАКС-2007-ЗВГ-018.jpg|MiG-29K|thumb|MiG-29K at МАК 2007]]
;MiG-29K (Product 9.31)
{{Main|Mikoyan MiG-29K}}
:Naval variant based on MiG-29M, the letter "K" stands for "Korabelnogo bazirovaniya" (Deck-based ), with equipment such as folding wings, arrestor gear, and reinforced landing gear. Originally intended for the [[Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier|''Admiral Kuznetsov'' class]] aircraft carriers, had even received series production approval from Russian Ministry of Defence but was later grounded in 1992 due to shift in military doctrine and state financial difficulty.<ref name=Rac>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=4 "MiG-35/MiG-35D."] ''Rac MiG.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> MiG Corporation restarted the program in 1999 and made vital improvement to the previous design. On 20 January 2004, Indian Navy signed a contract of 12 single-seat MiG-29K and four two-seat MiG-29KUB.<ref name=Rac/> Modifications were made for Indian Navy requirement, now standard for all current production. Current production MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB also share a two-seater size canopy. The MiG-29K has radar absorbing coatings to reduce radar signature. Cockpit displays consist of wide HUD and three (seven on MiG-29KUB) colour LCD MFDs with a [[Topsight E]] helmet-mounted targeting system. It has a full range of weapons compatible with the MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT.<ref>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/news/?id=18&tid=4&page=1 "MiG Corp. started series production of MiG-29K/KUB for Indian Navy."] ''migavia.ru.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-D".
 
;MiG-29KUB (Product 9.47)
:Identical characteristic to the MiG-29K but with tandem twin seat configuration. The design is to serve as trainer for MiG-29K pilot and is full combat capable. The first MiG-29KUB developed for the Indian Navy made its maiden flight at the Russian Zhukovsky aircraft test centre on 22 January 2007.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/photolents/20070123/59541189.html "MiG-29 K/KUB fighters for India."] ''en.rian.ru.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-D".
 
;MiG-29SMT (Product 9.17)
:The [[Mikoyan MiG-29M#Variants|MiG-29SMT]] is an upgrade package of the first-generation MiG-29s (9.12 to 9.13) containing many enhancements intended for the MiG-29M. Additional fuel tanks in a further enlarged spine provide a maximum flight range of 2,100&nbsp;km (on internal fuel). The cockpit has an enhanced HOTAS design, two 152 × 203 mm (6 × 8 inch) colour liquid crystal MFDs and two smaller monochrome LCDs. The upgraded Zhuk-ME radar provides similar features to the MiG-29M. The power plant are upgraded RD-33 ser.3<!-- RD-33k??? --> engines with afterburning thrust rated the same at 8,300&nbsp;kgf (81.4&nbsp;kN) each. The weapons load was increased to 4,500&nbsp;kg on six underwing and one ventral hardpoints, with similar weapon choices as for the MiG-29M variant. The upgraded aircraft has also a painted path for non-Russian origin avionics and weapons.<ref>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_SMT_e.htm "MiG-29SMT, upgraded MiG-29UB aircraft."] ''RAC MiG.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
;MiG-29BM
:"The MiG-29BM (probably Belorussian Modernised, possibly Bolyshaya Modernizaciya - large modernization) is an upgrade to the MiG-29 conducted by the ARZ-558 aircraft repair plant in Baranovichi, Belarus...The MiG-29BM is a strike variant of the MiG-29 pure fighter, the Belarussian counterpart to the Russian MiG-29SMT." It includes improvements to weapons, radar, as well as adding non-retractable air-air refueling ability.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mig-29bm.htm "MiG-29BM Fulcrum"] "MiG-29BM" Retrieved: 18 September 2011</ref>
 
;MiG-29UBT (Product 9.51T)
:SMT standard upgrade for the MiG-29UB. Namely users, Algeria and Yemen.<ref>[http://www.cast.ru/eng/?id=274 "CAST comments."] ''Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies.'' Retrieved: 2 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/1-2005/ff/largest_identified/ "Moscow Defense Brief."] ''mdb.cast.ru.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
;MiG-29UPG
:The Indian UPG version is similar to the SMT variant but differs by having a foreign-made avionics suite integrated within it, in the so called, "international avionics suite".<ref name="Indian MiG-29 upgrade."/> The weapons suite is the same as the SMT and K/KUB versions.<ref name="Indian MiG-29 upgrade."/> The design is a new modification intended for the MiG-29s used by Indian Air Force. It made its maiden flight on 4 February 2011. The standard includes the new [[Zhuk radar#Zhuk-M (Export Designation Zhuk-ME)|Zhuk-M]] radar, new avionics, a IFR probe as well as new enhanced [[RD-33]] series 3 turbojet engines. The modernization is part of a $900&nbsp;million contract to upgrade the 69 fighters fleet.<ref name="MiG29IAF">Denisov, Anton. [http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20110204/162455171.html "Russia tests upgraded MiG-29 fighter for IAF."] ''en.rian.ru,'' 5 February 2011. Retrieved: 9 February 2011.</ref>
 
;MiG-29M2 / MiG-29MRCA
:Two-seat version of [[Mikoyan MiG-29M|MiG-29M]]. Identical characteristics to MiG-29M, with a slightly reduced ferry range of 1,800 km.<ref name=MiG-29M/M2_page>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_M_M2_e.htm MiG-29M / "MiG-29M2."] ''RAC MiG.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> RAC MiG presented in various air shows, including Fifth China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition (CIAAE 2004),<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200410/27/eng20041027_161780.html "Latest MiG-29 planes to be flown."] People's Daily Online.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> Aero India 2005,<ref>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/news/?id=19&tid=4 "Russian Aircraft Corporation 'MiG' at Aero India 2005."] ''Rac MiG.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.acig.org/exclusives/aero/acig_aero05_mrca.htm "ACIG Exclusives: Aero India 2005: Chapter 4."] ''acig.org''. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> MAKS 2005.<ref>Seaman, Richard. [http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/AirShows/Maks2005/Highlights/ "MAKS 2005 highlights."] ''richard-seaman.com.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> It was once given designation MiG-29MRCA for marketing purpose and now evolved into the current MiG-35.
 
;MiG-29SMP / MiG-29UBP
:Upgrade for the Peruvian Air Force MiG-29 fleet. In August 2008 a contract of US$ 106&nbsp;million was signed with [[Mikoyan|RAC MiG]] for this custom SMT upgrade of an initial batch of eight MiG-29, with a provision for upgrade of the remainder of the Peruvian MiG-29 fleet.<ref name="mindef.gob.pe">[http://www.mindef.gob.pe/informacion/prensa.php?mod=2&id=639 Fuerza Aéra del Perú firma contrato para reparar MiG-29."] ''[[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Ministry of Defense]]'', 12 August 2008. Retrieved: 13 August 2008.</ref> The single-seat version is designated SMP, whereas the twin-seat version is designated UBP.
 
:The SMP standard features an improved ECM suite, avionics, sensors, pilot interface, and a MIL-STD-1553 databus. The interfaces include improved IRST capabilities for enhanced passive detection and tracking as well as better off-boresight launch capabilities, one MFCD and HOTAS.<ref>Wojciechowski, Mariusz. [http://www.mars.slupsk.pl/fort/mig/mig-29-pe.htm "MiG-29."] ''mars.slupsk.pl.'' Retrieved: 28 November 2011</ref> The N019M1 radar, a heavily modified and upgraded digital version of the N019 radar, is used instead of the standard N010 Zhuk-M used on the MiG-29SMT. The upgrade also includes a structural life-extension program (SLEP), the overhaul, upgrade of the original engines and the installation of an in-flight refuelling probe.<ref>[http://www.defensa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6565:la-fuerza-aerea-de-peru-muestra-su-capacidad-de-combate&catid=55:latinoamerica&Itemid=163 "La Fuerza Aérea de Perú muestra su capacidad de combate."] ''defensa.com,'' 25 July 2012. Retrieved: 25 July 2012.</ref>
 
[[File:MiG29-OVT-ENGINE.JPG|thumb|MiG-29OVT on display]]
;MiG-29OVT
:The aircraft is one of the six pre-built MiG-29Ms before 1991, later received thrust-vectoring engine and fly-by-wire technology. It served as a thrust-vectoring engine testbed and technology demonstrator in various air shows to show future improvement in the MiG-29M. It has identical avionics to the MiG-29M. The only difference in the cockpit layout is an additional switch to turn on vector thrust function. The two RD-133 thrust-vectoring engines, each features unique rotating nozzles which can provide thrust vector deflection in all directions. However, despite its thrust-vectoring, other specifications were not officially emphasized. The aircraft is being demonstrated along with the MiG-29M2 in various air shows around the world for potential export. The aircraft is usually used as an aerobatic demonstrator.<ref>[http://www.aviapedia.com/fighters/mig-29vft-video-smotr "MiG-29VFT video from “Smotr” tv-series."] ''Aviapedia.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
 
;MiG-35
{{Main|Mikoyan MiG-35}}
:A recently unveiled mature development of the MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-29K/KUB. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-F".
 
==Operators==
{{Main|List of Mikoyan MiG-29 operators}}
[[File:Mig-29 operators.PNG|thumb|300px|Operators of the MiG-29 in blue, former operators in red]]
[[File:MiG der HuAF.jpg|thumb|Hungarian Air Force MiG-29]]
[[File:Peruvian Air Force MiG-29 SDLP.jpg|thumb|[[Peruvian Air Force]] MiG-29SE inflight]]
 
* {{ALG}} – 35 MiG-29s in service as of December 2010.<ref name=FI_AirForces_2010>"Directory: World Air Forces". ''[[Flight International]]'', 14–20 December 2010.</ref>
* {{AZE}} – 49 in inventory as of December 2010,<ref>[http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=97127 "Azerbaijan’s military aviation opportunities."] ''APA''.{{verify credibility|date=August 2012}}</ref> with 13 in operational service in January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
<!-- Note Armenia did not have any MiG-29s of its own as of late 2008 per Flight International magazine, 11-17 November 2008. And per http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/armenia/index.php. Provide a reference to add. -->
* {{BGD}} – has eight MiG-29s (six single-seat and two twin-seat) in service in January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/> In the process of acquiring eight Mig-29SMTs. Existing: eight Mig-29SE will also be upgraded to SMT standard.
* {{BLR}} – 41 MiG-29s in inventory as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero>"World Military Aircraft Inventory". ''2011 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology'', January 2011.</ref>
* {{BUL}} – 14 MiG-29 and four MiG-29UB fighters in service.<ref>[http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/bulgaria/index.php "Order of Battle – Bulgaria."] ''MilAvia Press.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://pan.bg/view_article-1-10425-FOTOOKO-POSLEDNIQT-DEN-NA-MiG-29-bord-11.html "ФОТООКО: ПОСЛЕДНИЯТ ДЕН НА МиГ-29, борд 11" (in Russian).] ''Pan.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref>
* {{CUB}} – Four MiG-29s in inventory as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{ERI}} – Seven MiG-29s in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{IND}}
**[[Indian Air Force]] has 67 MiG-29s in service as of January 2012.<ref name=2012_Aero>"World Military Aircraft Inventory". ''2012 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology'', January 2012.</ref> All MiG-29s are to be upgraded to the ''MiG-29UPG'' standard.<ref name=pib.nic.in/><ref name=en.rian.ru/>
**[[Indian Naval Air Arm]] has 16 MiG-29Ks in service as of January 2012.<ref name=2012_Aero/>
* {{IRN}} – 95 MiG-29s in inventory as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{KAZ}} – 40 MiG-29s in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{MYS}} – 10 MiG-29s in inventory as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/> To be retired.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=415211 "RMAF MiG29 Jets To Be Phased Out – Zahid."] ''bernama.com.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* {{MNG}} - Five MiG-29s on order as of July 2011.<ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=708858&publicationSubCategoryId=200 "Mongolia to import fighter jets from Russia."] ''philstar.com,'' 22 July 2011.</ref>
* {{MYA}} – 10 MiG-29s in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/> Ordered 20 more MiG-29SMT fighters in 2009.<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4431181&c=ASI&s=AIR "Russia To Sell 20 MiG-29 Fighters To Myanmar."] ''Defense News,'' 23 December 2009. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* {{PER}} – 19 in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/><ref name=FI_AirForces_2008>[http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?ItemID=26061 "Directory: World Air Forces."] ''[[Flight International]]'', 11–17 November 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* {{PRK}} – 40 in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/><ref name=FI_AirForces_2008/> 12 initially bought from Belarus in 1995 and a follow-up order of 18 MiG-29SE plus three new aircraft from Russia in 1996.<!-- "SIN_SERVICIO DE INTELIGENCIA NACIONAL_2008" ?? -->
* {{POL}} – 36 in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{RUS}} - [[Russian Air Force]] ~230-291 MiG-29s in service, including 30 MiG-29SMTs.(Buturlinovka AFB)<ref>[http://www.lenta.ru/news/2011/08/03/mig29/ "Минобороны возобновило полеты палубных МиГ-29" (in Russian).] ''lenta.ru,'' 3 August 2012. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2009/08/19/corrosion/ "" (in Russian).] ''lenta.ru,'' 19 September 2012. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/news/504391 "МиГ-29 продолжат полеты без модернизации" (in Russian).] ''izvestia ru,'' 18 October 2011. Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref>
* {{SRB}} – [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]]: Three MiG-29s and one MiG-29UB in service as of April 2012.<ref>[http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/serbia/index.php "Order of Battle - Serbia."] ''Milaviapress.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://tangosixblog.com/2012/04/09/otvoreni-dan-204-vazduhoplovne-brigade-iz-pticije-perspektive-hd/ " Vazduhoplovne brigade - Tango Six (Serbian)."] ''Otvoreni dan 204,'' 9 April 2012,</ref>
* {{SVK}} – 21 MiG-29s received, with 12 in service in January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{SUD}} – 23 in service, one lost in [[Darfur]] due to anti-aircraft fire<ref>[http://www.sudan.net/news/posted/16168.html "Russia delivers MiG-29 fighter-jets to Sudan."]{{dead link|date=July 2011}} ''sudan.net,'' 6 August 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=97725 "Sudan announces purchase of 12 Russian warplanes."] ''dailystar.com,'' 12 November 2008. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> with 12 in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{SYR}} – 24 MiG-29s on order.<ref>[http://rianovosti.com/russia/20120303/171699056.html "U.S. Says Russia ‘Fuels Fire’ by Selling Arms to Syria."] ''RIA Novosti'', 3 March 2012.</ref> 19 MiG-29s were in operation as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{TKM}} – 24 MiG-29s in use as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{UKR}} – [[Ukrainian Air Force]] had 80 MiG-29s in use as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{USA}} - Evaluation only
* {{UZB}} – 60 MiG-29s in operation as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
* {{YEM}} – 18 MiG-29SMTs and one MiG-29UBT in service as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/>
 
===Former operators===
* {{CZS}} – Received 18 MiG-29s and two MiG-29UB aircraft. Six Czechoslovak MiG-29s were capable of delivering nuclear weapons but equipment needed for carrying these weapons was removed as part a CFE treaty. All passed onto successor states.
* {{CZE}} – Inherited nine MiG-29 and one MiG-29UB. All sold to Poland in 1995 in exchange for 11 [[PZL W-3 Sokół|W-3A Sokol]] helicopters.
* {{DDR}} – 24 absorbed into the West [[German Air Force]] upon reunification
* {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} - 16 in Service, at least six shot down in 1999, others are unknown at the moment.
* {{GER}} – One crashed, one on display, 22 sold to Poland
* {{HUN}} – 28 in inventory as of January 2011.<ref name=2011_Aero/> The last fighter was retired in December 2010.<ref>[http://www.jetfly.hu/rovatok/galeria/vege_ennyi_volt/ "Vége, ennyi volt… (A MiG-29 és üzemeltetőik emlékére)."] ''JETfly Magazin.'' Retrieved: 5 October 2012.</ref> As of 2011, the Hungarian government plans to sell eight of the remaining aircraft. A total of 6 of these are MiG-29B single-seat interceptors and two are MiG-29UB two-seat aircraft.<ref>[http://nol.hu/archivum/mig-29-est_vegyenek "MIG-29-est vegyenek!"] ''nol.hu'' Népszabadság, 12 August 2011</ref>{{Clarify|date=August 2011}}
* {{IRQ}} - during [[Saddam Hussein]]'s era.
* {{ISR}} – leased from an unknown country, used for aggressor training.<ref>[http://www.defencetalk.com/us-buys-s...raining-18795/ "Defence Talk."] ''defencetalk.com''. Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1242212366589&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "MiG-29."] ''jpost.com.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* {{MDA}} – not operational, six MiG-29S in storage. A total of six were sold to the USA in the 1990s (the United States acquired these aircraft for testing purposes).{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The government considered repairing six aircraft to return them to service.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
* {{ROM}} – 17 MiG-29 and five MiG-29UB were delivered in 1989—1990.<ref>[http://www.targeta.co.uk/roias.htm "Romanian International Air Show."] ''targeta.co.uk.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref> Withdrawn from service in 2003.
* {{USSR}}
* {{YUG}} – 14 MiG-29 and two MiG-29UB. Passed on FR Yugoslavia.
 
==Aircraft on display==
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2011}}
[[File:Mig 29 Fulcrum.jpeg|thumb|Mig-29 on display in McMinnville, Oregon]]
There are several museums in Russia that display MiG-29s:
* Three are displayed at the [[Central Air Force Museum]] in [[Monino]] near Moscow. The first two are a prototype and an early production model (both with ventral fins), and the third is a MiG-29KVP
* MiG-29 "9–13" is on display of the [[Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow]] on the [[Poklonnaya Hill]]
* A MiG-29, Red 02 is on display at the [[Central Armed Forces Museum]] in Moscow
 
Several MiG-29s are on display in Europe:
* One MiG-29 is on display at the [[Muzeum Wojska Polskiego]] in Warsaw, Poland.
* [[Polish Aviation Museum]] in [[Kraków]] has a MiG-29, which served in the [[Polish Air Force]].
* One MiG-29 is on display in Germany. The only remaining German MiG-29G (29+03) was on display in Laage before being moved to the [[Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr]] in Berlin's [[Gatow Airport]] in 2006 as part of the exhibition "50 Jahre Luftwaffe".<ref name=Bundeswehr/><ref>[http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/images1/IMG_0849.jpg "German MiG-29."] ''fabulousfulcrums.de.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* No. 67 (MiG-29 Sniper proto) is on display at the Romania Muzeul Aviatiei, Bucharest.
* The second MiG-29UB prototype (9–52) is on display at the Riga Aviation Museum, in [[Riga]], Latvia. After 213 test flights around Moscow between 23 August 1982 and 10 April 1986, it was disassembled and parts of the wings and tails were re-used in prototype (9–16). The remains were shipped to Riga Military Aviation Engineers High School, and later handed over to the Riga Aviation Museum in 1994, where it is currently displayed. The remains of this prototype is in a very bad condition, with open fuselage panels and a partly broken canopy and open cockpit that exposes the airframe to inclement weather.
 
MiG-29s are currently on display in the United States at the following locations:
* [[Goodfellow Air Force Base|Goodfellow AFB]] in Texas<ref>Chaisson, Ken. [http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/database/aircraft/showimage.php?id=1996 "MiG-29."] ''aeroweb.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* [[NAS Fallon]] Airpark in Nevada
* Two MiG-29s in Soviet and Moldavian colors are on display at [[Nellis AFB]] in Nevada. One MiG-29 in better shape is inside a hangar alongside a MiG-23.<ref>Seaman, Richard. [http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/Museums/ThreatTrainingFacility/Aircraft/index.html "MiG-29."] ''richard-seaman.com.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* For several years an early MiG 29A (s/n 2960516761) was stored in a restoration hangar at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] near Dayton, Ohio. In June 2007 the aircraft was put on display in the Cold War Gallery of the Museum and continues to receive minor upgrading while on display. It was formerly assigned to the 234th Gvardeiskii Istrebitelnii Aviatsionnii Polk (234th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment) stationed at [[Kubinka (air base)]] near Moscow. This aircraft was one of six MiG-29s that made a good will visit to [[Kuopio-Rissala]], Finland, in July 1986, an event that marked the first public display of the MiG-29.<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/070313-F-1234P-038.jpg "MiG-29."] ''National Museum of the United States Air Force.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/070313-F-1234P-001.jpg "MiG-29."] ''National Museum of the United States Air Force.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* One former Moldovan MiG-29S is currently on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in Dayton, Ohio.
* A MiG-29 is on display near the entrance at the Pima Air Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
* One MiG-29 is on display at [[Naval Air Station Fallon|NAS Fallon]].
* A MiG-29 from the former Moldovan group is on display at the [[Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum]] in McMinnville, Oregon, painted in Russian markings.
* One MiG-29UB is on display at the NASIC headquarters at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in Dayton, Ohio.
 
===In private ownership===
* MiG-29UB (civilian registration N29UB) is owned by the [[Historic Flight Foundation]] in [[Seattle]], Washington, US. The aircraft was obtained from Eastern Europe in early 2009. The aircraft has an FAA approved maintenance program and is flyable. The Historic Flight Foundation plans to fly the aircraft at air shows, as well as provide support services for other MiG-29s that become flyable in the United States.<ref name= Day_p_12-3>Day 2009, pp. 12–13.</ref>
* A private collector, Don Kirlin, has two MiG-29s purchased from [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The aircraft are located at the [[Quincy Regional Airport]] in [[Quincy, Illinois|Quincy]], Illinois, USA.<ref>Hoffman, Carl. [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.10/kirlin_pr.html "Building Your Own Air Force, One Mig at a Time."] ''Wired'' magazine, issue 13.10.</ref> As of 2010, they have an FAA approved maintenance program and are flyable, operated as part of Kirlin's "Red Air" operation.<ref>[http://www.redair.net/mig29.php "Mig-29 Fulcrum."] ''redair.net.'' Retrieved: 1 August 2010.</ref>
* Two additional MiG-29UB in flying condition were offered for sale from Eastern Europe in spring 2009. These aircraft come from the same source as the flyable aircraft owned by the Historic Flight Foundation.<ref name= Day_p_12-3/>
* The [[FAA]] lists five privately owned MiG-29s in the U.S.<ref>[http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=&Modeltxt=MIG-29&PageNo=1 "MiG-29."] ''FAA Registry.'' Retrieved: 15 May 2011.</ref>
 
==Specifications (MiG-29)==
[[File:MiG-29 FULCRUM (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH).png|right|400px]]
 
{{Aircraft specifications
<!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]].
Please answer the following questions. -->
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=jet
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For additional lines, end your alt units with )</li> and start a new, fully formatted line with <li>
-->
|ref= MiG specifications<ref name=RAC_MiG_specs>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=17 "MiG-29/MiG-29UB/MiG-29SE."] ''RAC MiG.'' Retrieved: 12 October 2011.</ref>
<!-- General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|length main=17.37 m
|length alt=57 ft
|span main=11.4 m
|span alt=37 ft 3 in
|height main=4.73 m
|height alt=15 ft 6 in
|area main=38 m²
|area alt=409 ft²
|empty weight main= 11,000 kg
|empty weight alt= 24,250 lb
|loaded weight main= 15,300 kg
|loaded weight alt= 33,730 lb
|max takeoff weight main= 20,000 kg
|max takeoff weight alt= 44,100 lb
|more general=
<!-- Powerplant
-->
|engine (jet)=[[Klimov RD-33]]
|type of jet=afterburning [[turbofan]]s
|number of jets=2
|thrust original=
|thrust main= 8,300 kgf<!--official data -->
|thrust alt= 81.4 [[Newton (unit)|kN]], 18,300 lbf
<!-- Performance
-->
|max speed main=[[Mach number|Mach]] 2.25
|max speed alt= 2,400 km/h, 1,490 mph
|max speed more=At low altitude: Mach 1.25 (1,500 km/h, 930 mph)
|range main=1,430 km
|range alt= 772 nmi, 888 mi
|range more=with maximum internal fuel<ref name=JAU_MiG-29>[http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jau/jau_9123.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JAU&keyword= "MiG-29."] ''Jane's Aircraft Upgrades '', Jane's Information Group, subscription article dated 10 July 2009.</ref>
|combat radius main=
|combat radius alt=
|combat radius more=
|ferry range main=2,100 km
|ferry range alt=1,300 mi
|ferry range more= with 1 drop tank
|ceiling main=18,013 m
|ceiling alt=59,100 ft
|climb rate main= initial 330 m/s average 109 m/s 0–6000 m<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080620004748/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/frtypen/FRMiG-29.htm "Datafiles: Mikojan MiG-29."] ''Flug Revue'', 1 September 1998. Archived date: 20 June 2008. Retrieved: 13 August 2010.</ref>
|climb rate alt=65,000 ft/min
|loading main=442&nbsp;kg/m²
|loading alt=82 lb/ft²
|thrust/weight= 1.08-1.1
|more performance=<!-- *'''Maximum design ''g''-load:''' -?.0/+?.0 g -->
<!--
Armament & Avionics -->
|armament=
* 1 x 30 mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1|GSh-30-1]] cannon with 150 rounds
* 7 Hard points: 6 x pylons under-wing, 1 x under fuselage
* Up to 3,500 kg (7,720 lb) of weapons including six air-to-air missiles&nbsp;— a mix of [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) and [[Molniya R-60|AA-8 "Aphid"]], [[Vympel R-27|AA-10 "Alamo"]], [[Vympel R-73|AA-11 "Archer"]], [[Vympel R-77|AA-12 "Adder"]], FAB 500-M62, FAB-1000, TN-100, ECM Pods, [[S-24 rocket]]s, [[Kh-25]], [[Kh-29]]
<!-- Avionics
-->
|avionics=
* [[Phazotron]] N019, [[Zhuk radar|N010]] [[radars]]
}}
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
* [[Fourth generation jet fighter]]
|related= <!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: -->
* [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]
* [[Mikoyan MiG-29M]]
* [[Mikoyan MiG-35]]
|similar aircraft= <!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability this design: -->
* [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]]
* [[Dassault Mirage 2000]]
* [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]]
|lists= <!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: -->
* [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
<!-- See [[WP:Air/PC]] for more explanation of these fields. -->
}}
 
==References==
 
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Day, Jerry. "Hot Hot Hot!" ''Air Classics'', Volume 45, Issue 4, April 2009.
* Eden, Paul, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft''. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
* Gordon, Yefim and Peter Davison. ''Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58007-085-0.
* Jenkins, Dennis R. ''McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter''. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax, 1998. ISBN 1-85780-081-8.
* Lake, Jon. ''Jane's How to Fly and Fight in the Mikoyan MiG-29''. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-00-472144-6.
* Spick, Mike, ed. "MiG-29 'Fulcrum'". "The Flanker". ''Great Book of Modern Warplanes''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons|Mikoyan MiG-29}}
* [http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=17 MiG-29/-29UB/-29SE], [http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=18 MiG-29SD], [http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=20 MiG-29SMT, upgraded MiG-29UB], and [http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_K_KUB_e.htm MiG-29K/KUB] pages on the official Russian Air Corporation MiG site
* [http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/index_e.html German Luftwaffe's former MiG-29 Staffel 1./JG 73"Steinhoff" in Laage]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mig-29.htm MiG-29 "Fulcrum" page on GlobalSecurity.org]
* [http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/mig-29/mig-29.htm MiG-29 page on milavia.net]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/49481652 Manual: (2001) GAF T.O. 1F-MIG29-1 Flight Manual MiG-29] <!-- U.S. military manuals are Public Domain and available to electronically at no cost. This is not a copyright violation. -->
* [http://urrib2000.narod.ru/EqMiG29-e.html Cuban MiG-29]
* [http://www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1197 US purchases MiG-29 fighters from Moldova]
* [http://www.redstar.gr/Foto_red/Eng/Exibition/Mig_29A.html Photos Mig-29 Fulcrum-A "9–12"]
 
{{Mikoyan aircraft}}
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[[Category:Soviet fighter aircraft 1970–1979]]
[[Category:1983 introductions]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]
[[Category:Military equipment of the Iran–Iraq War]]
 
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