စစ်စကို: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ
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စာကြောင်း ၁ -
Cisco သည် ကွန်ရက် ချိတ်ဆက် ခြင်း နှင် ဆက်သွယ်ရေးများ အသုံးချသိပ္ပံပညာ ကိရိယာများ ထုတ်လုပ်ရောင်းချသော အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံစုံ [[http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC ကွန်ပျူတာ]] [[http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC နည်းပညာ]] ကော်ပိုရေးရှင်း ဖြစ်ပြီး အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယား ပြည်နယ် တွင် ရုံးချုပ်တည်ရှိသည်။ 2009 နှစ်တွင် Cisco သည် ဝန်ထမ်းအင်အား 65,000 ထက် ပို၍ ရှိ ပြီး နှစ်ပတ်လည် အခွန် US$ 36.11 ဘီလီယံ
ရှိခဲ့ သည်။
== Corporate history ==
[[Image:Ciscosystemsheadquarters.jpg|thumb|One of the many buildings on the Cisco Systems campus in San Jose]]
[[Len Bosack]] and [[Sandy Lerner]], a married couple who worked as computer operations staff members at [[Stanford University]], later joined by Richard Troiano, founded ''Cisco Systems'' in 1984. Lerner moved on to direct computer services at [[Schlumberger]], moving full time to Cisco in 1987. The name "Cisco" was derived from the city name, San Francisco, which is why the company's engineers insisted on using the lower case "cisco" in the early days. For Cisco's first product, Bosack adapted multiple-protocol [[router]] software originally written some years before by [[William Yeager]], another Stanford employee who later joined [[Sun Microsystems]]. The company's first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Case Studies In Business Strategy | title = Cisco's Acquisition Strategy | volume = IV | date = January 2004 | url = http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/BSTR083.htm | accessdate = 21 December 2009 | id = BSTR083 | publisher = ICMR | pages = 2}}</ref> In 1988, [[John Morgridge]] was appointed CEO, and was succeeded in 1995 by [[John_Chambers_(CEO) | John Chambers]].
While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/transcripts/013.html |title=I, Cringely . NerdTV . Transcript | PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref> it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols.<ref>{{cite interview|first=Ian |last = Pennell |url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2004/hd_061404.html |title=The Evolution of Access Routing |subject=Cisco claim of first multi-protocol router |publisher=Cisco |date=June 14, 2004 |accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> As the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. Today, Cisco's largest routers are primarily used to deliver IP packets.
In 1990, the company was listed on the [[Nasdaq]] stock exchange. Lerner was fired; as a result Bosack quit after receiving $200 million. Most of those profits were given to charities and the two later divorced.
[[Image:Cisco_Bridge_Logo1989.jpeg|thumb|border|left|text-top|upright||alt=Early Cisco trademark, filed May 20, 1988|Early suspension bridge Cisco logo design, trademarked at the [[USPTO]], and used by [[Cisco Systems, Inc.]]]]
The company filed for a U.S. trademark of '''"Cisco"''' on June 13, 1988, and it was granted on June 6, 1989. Related to the original inspiration for the Cisco name was an early registered mark of a suspension bridge that is synonymous with San Francisco's [[Golden Gate Bridge]].<ref>http://www.trademarkia.com/logo-73729839.html</ref> The company's first indicated commercial use of the stylized bridge was May 18, 1986. This classic Cisco image rendition was first used on product packaging and products. In their trademark filing to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the mark is described as, "stylized two-tower suspension bridge similar to a script letter "U" with lines extending from the "U" to a bottom line in the manner of cables holding up a roadway." The image combines both elements of Cisco's gateway and bridge electrical products that interconnect [[local area network]]s and also a representation of the Bay Area's landmark bridge.
Cisco acquired a variety of companies to bring in products and talent into the company. Several acquisitions, such as [[Stratacom]], were the biggest deals in the industry when they occurred. During the Internet boom in 1999, the company acquired [[Cerent Corporation]], a start-up company located in [[Petaluma, California]], for about US$7 billion. It was the most expensive acquisition made by Cisco to date, and only the acquisition of [[Scientific-Atlanta]] has been larger. Several acquired companies have grown into $1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including LAN switching, Enterprise [[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (VOIP), and [[home networking]]. Cisco acquired [[Linksys]] in 2003. In 2010, Cisco bought Moto Development Group, a product design consulting firm that helped develop Cisco's Flip video camera.<ref name="moto">By Jim Duffy, NetworkWorld. "[http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/051810-cisco-acquires-moto.html?hpg1=bn Cisco Buys Moto -- no, not that Moto]." May 18, 2010.</ref>
In late March 2000, at the height of the [[dot-com boom]], Cisco was the most valuable company in the world, with a [[market capitalization]] of more than US$500 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/cisco-pushes-past-microsoft-market/story.aspx?guid=%7BFA6BADEF%2D05F2%2D4169%2DADDA%2D12E9D17C4433%7D | title=Cisco pushes past Microsoft in market value | work=[[MarketWatch|CBS Marketwatch]] | date=2000-03-25 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000326/ibu26043.html | title=Cisco replaces Microsoft as world's most valuable company | work=[[Reuters]] | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | date=2000-03-25 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref> In July 2009, with a market cap of about US$108.03 billion<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=csco&d=t Cisco Systems Summary]</ref>, it is still one of the most valuable companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/05/BUC200MARKETCAP.DTL | title=Chron 200 Market capitalization | first=Dan | last=Fost | work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=2006-05-05 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref> CSCO was voted stock of the decade on NASDAQ, but no one knows when.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
The company was a 2002-03 recipient of the [[Ron Brown Award]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} a U.S. presidential honor to recognize companies "for the exemplary quality of their relationships with employees and communities".
== Notable products and services ==
===Hardware===
[[Image:Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg|thumb|A Cisco ASM/2-32EM router deployed at [[CERN]] in 1987.]]
* Datacenter Products: Nexus Switches (1000v, 5000, 7000), MDS, Unified Computing System (UCS)
* [[Flip Video|Flip]] pocket camera{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}<!-- needs ref that Cisco bought Flip -->
* [[Cisco LocalDirector]] - load-balancing appliance
* [[Router]]s, including: [[Cisco 837|837]], [[Cisco 1000|1000 Series]], [[Cisco 2500 series|2500 Series]], [[Cisco 7600|7600]], [[Cisco 12000|12000]], [[3600 Series]] and [[CRS-1]]
* [[Cisco Security Manager]]
* Security appliances: [[Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances|ASA 5500]], [[Cisco PIX|PIX 500 series]]
* [[Catalyst switch]]es: [[Cisco Catalyst 1900|1900 Series]], [[Catalyst 6500|6500]]
* [[Cisco TelePresence]]
* VOIP: [[Cisco Wireless IP Phone 7920|Wireless IP Phone 7920]]
* [[CLEO (router)]] - Low Earth Orbit router
=== Software ===
* [[Internetwork Operating System]]
* [[Cisco Active Network Abstraction]]
* [[Cisco Fabric Manager]]
* [[Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client]]
* [[Cisco Systems VPN Client]]
* [[CiscoView]]
* [[CiscoWorks]] [[Network Management]] software
* [[Clean Access Agent]], [[Cisco NAC Appliance]]
* [[Cisco Eos]]
* [[Packet Tracer]], didactic network simulator
* Cisco Network Magic
* [[Cisco Unified Communications Manager]]
* [[Cisco IP Communicator]]
* [[Cisco Security Manager]]
* [[WebEx]] Collaboration Tools
=== VoIP services ===
Cisco became a major provider of [[Voice over IP]] to enterprises, and is now moving into the home user market through its acquisitions of [[Scientific Atlanta]] and [[Linksys]]. [[Scientific Atlanta]] provides VoIP equipment to cable service providers such as [[Time Warner]], [[Cablevision]], [[Rogers Communications]], UPC, and others; [[Linksys]] has partnered with companies such as [[Skype]] and [[Yahoo]] to integrate consumer VoIP services with wireless and cordless phones.
== Cisco Career Certifications ==
{{Main|Cisco Career Certifications}}
Cisco Systems also sponsors a line of [[Professional certification (Computer technology)|IT Professional certifications]] for Cisco products. There are five levels of certification: Entry, Associate, Professional, Expert, and recently Architect, as well as eight different paths, Routing & Switching, Design, Network Security, Service Provider, the newly introduced Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, and Wireless.
== Criticisms and controversy ==
=== China ===
Cisco has been criticized for its involvement in [[censorship in the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/internet/ |title=FRONTLINE: the tank man: the struggle to control information | PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref> According to author Ethan Gutmann, Cisco and other telecommunications equipment providers supplied the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] with surveillance and Internet infrastructure equipment that is used to block Internet websites and track Chinese on-line activities. Cisco says that it does not customize or develop specialized or unique filtering capabilities to enable governments to block access to information and that it sells the same equipment in China as it sells worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.cisco.com/gov/2006/02/cisco_testimony_before_house_i.html | title=Cisco Testimony Before House International Relations Subcommittee | first=John | last=Earnhardt | publisher=Cisco Systems, Inc. | date=2006-02-15 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref>
[[Wired News]] had uncovered a leaked, confidential Cisco powerpoint presentation that details the commercial opportunities of the [[Golden Shield Project]] of Internet control.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/05/leaked-cisco-do/ |title= Cisco Leak: ‘Great Firewall’ of China Was a Chance to Sell More Routers |first= Sarah |last=Stirland |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2009-06-27}}</ref> In her article, journalist Sarah Stirland accuses Cisco of marketing its technology "specifically as a tool of repression."
=== Shareholder class action lawsuit against Cisco ===
On August 18, 2006 Cisco reached a settlement in a long-standing class action lawsuit that originated in 2001. "The original suit, filed April 20, 2001, claimed that the company made misleading statements, or omitted statements of material fact, that were relied on by purchasers of Cisco stock. It also alleged that the individual defendants sold Cisco stock while in possession of material, non-public information. Cisco denied all allegations in the suit."<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2006/corp_081806.html | title=Cisco Shareholder Class Action Lawsuit Resolved | publisher=Cisco Systems, Inc. | date=2006-08-18 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref> While Cisco denies all wrongdoing in the suit, it agreed to settle with the plaintiffs. Cisco's liability insurers, its directors, and officers paid the plaintiffs US$91.75 million to settle the suit.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/08/14/daily75.html | title=Cisco resolves class action lawsuit | work=[[American City Business Journals|Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal]] | date=2006-08-18 | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref>
=== Cisco's Brazil Tax Fraud Investigation ===
On October 16, 2007, the [[Brazilian Federal Police]] and [[Brazil]]ian Receita Federal (equivalent to the [[Internal Revenue Service|American IRS]]) under the "Persona Operation" uncovered an alleged tax fraud scheme employed by Cisco Systems since 2002 that exempted the company from paying over [[Brazilian real|R$]]1.5 billion (US$824 million) in taxes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101607-cisco-brazil-arrests.html?page=1 | title=Cisco offices raided, executives arrested in Brazil: reports | publisher=NetworkWorld| date=2007-10-16 | accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/17/business/LA-FIN-Brazil-Cisco.php | title=Brazilian tax authorities raid, close Cisco System's offices in Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro | publisher=International Herald Tribune| date=2007-10-17 | accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref>
=== Multiven's Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco Systems, Inc.===
On December 1, 2008, [[Multiven]] filed an [[antitrust]] lawsuit<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=168775 | title=Multiven Sues Cisco | publisher=lightreading | date=2008-12-01 | accessdate=2008-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/35852 | title=Net maintenance provider sues Cisco over allegedly monopolistic SMARTnet | publisher=NetworkWorld. | date=2008-12-01 | accessdate=2008-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.crn.com/networking/212201523 | title=Cisco Accused Of Monopoly In Antitrust Lawsuit | publisher=ChannelWeb | date=2008-12-02 | accessdate=2008-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=http://multiven.com/news?article_id=12 | title=Multiven Files Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco Systems, Inc. | publisher=Multiven, Inc. | date=2008-12-01 | accessdate=2008-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid96_gci1341067,00.html?track=sy540 | title=Cisco Systems hit with antitrust lawsuit | publisher=SearchITChannel | date=2008-12-04 | accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/lawsuit-cisco-blocks-outsider-gear-maintenance/2008-12-03 | title=Lawsuit: Cisco blocks outsider gear maintenance | publisher=fiercetelecom | date=2008-12-03 | accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/7/20081205/ttc-multiven-files-antitrust-lawsuit-aga-78e70a2.html | title=Multiven Files Antitrust Lawsuit Against Cisco | publisher=Yahoo News | date=2008-12-05 | accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref> against [[Cisco Systems, Inc.]] in an effort to open up the network maintenance services marketplace for Cisco equipment, promote competition and ensure consumer choice and value. Multiven’s complaint alleges that Cisco harmed Multiven and consumers by bundling and [[Tying (commerce)|tying]] [[Software bug|bug]] fixes/[[Patch (software)|patches]] and updates for its [[operating system]] [[software]] to its maintenance services ([[SMARTnet]]) and through a series of other illegal exclusionary and [[anticompetitive]] acts designed to maintain Cisco’s alleged [[monopoly]] in the network maintenance services market for Cisco networking equipment.
=== Free Software Foundation suit ===
On December 11, 2008, the [[Free Software Foundation]] filed suit against Cisco (see [[FSF vs. Cisco]]) regarding Cisco's failure to comply with the [[GPL]] and [[LGPL]] license models and make the applicable source code publicly available.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2008-12-cisco-suit |title=Free Software Foundation Files Suit Against Cisco For GPL Violations |publisher=Free Software Foundation |location=BOSTON, Massachusetts |date=December 11, 2008 |accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> On May 20, 2009, Cisco settled this lawsuit by complying with FSF licensing terms and making a monetary contribution to the FSF.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-05-cisco-settlement.html |title=FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=May 20, 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-20}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal box|San Francisco Bay Area|Companies}}
* [[MSP Partners]]—an SMB-Channel education program founded in part by Cisco
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
* Bunnell, D. & Brate, A. (2001). ''Die Cisco Story'' (in German). Moderne Industrie. ISBN 3478359953.
* Bunnell, D. (2000). ''Making the Cisco Connection: The Story Behind the Real Internet Superpower''. Wiley. ISBN 0471357111.
* Paulson, E. (2001). ''Inside Cisco: The Real Story of Sustained M&A Growth''. Wiley. ISBN 0471414255.
* Slater, R. (2003). ''The Eye of the Storm: How John Chambers Steered Cisco Through the Technology Collapse''. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060188871.
* Stauffer, D. (2001). ''Nothing but Net Business the Cisco Way''. Wiley. ISBN 1841120871.
* Waters, J. K. (2002). ''John Chambers and the Cisco Way: Navigating Through Volatility''. Wiley. ISBN 0471008338.
* Young, J. S. (2001). ''Cisco Unauthorized: Inside the High-Stakes Race to Own the Future''. Prima Lifestyles. ISBN 0761527753.
==External links==
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* {{official|http://www.cisco.com}}
* [http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/2007-03-18-cisco-advice-usat_N.htm USA Today Q&A with CEO John Chambers]
* [http://iinnovate.blogspot.com/2007/12/john-morgridge.html Interview with former CEO, John Morgridge, by Stanford students of iinnovate]
* [http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/060710-tech-argument-cisco-juniper.html Cisco Systems vs. Juniper Networks]
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