တမ်းပလိတ်:Full biological kingdom classification
Linnaeus 1735[၁] |
Haeckel 1866[၂] |
Chatton 1925[၃][၄] |
Copeland 1938[၅][၆] |
Whittaker 1969[၇] |
Woese et al. 1977[၈][၉] |
Woese et al. 1990[၁၀] |
Cavalier-Smith 1993[၁၁][၁၂][၁၃] |
Cavalier-Smith 1998[၁၄][၁၅][၁၆] |
Ruggiero et al. 2015[၁၇] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(not treated) | (not treated) | 2 empires | 2 empires | 2 empires | 2 empires | 3 domains | 3 superkingdoms | 2 empires | 2 empires |
2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | (not treated) | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | (not treated) | 8 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | 7 kingdoms |
(not treated) | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | Archaea | ||||||
Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | Protozoa | ||
Protozoa | |||||||||
Chromista | Chromista | Chromista | |||||||
Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | |||||
Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
- ↑ Linnaeus၊ C. (1735)။ Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species။
- ↑ Haeckel၊ E. (1866)။ Generelle Morphologie der Organismen။ Reimer, Berlin။
- ↑ "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires" (1925). Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VII: 1–84.
- ↑ Chatton၊ É. (1937)။ Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)။ Sette, Sottano, Italy။
- ↑ "The kingdoms of organisms" (1938). Quarterly Review of Biology 13: 383–420. doi: .
- ↑ Copeland၊ H. F. (1956)။ The Classification of Lower Organisms။ Palo Alto: Pacific Books။ p. 6။ doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474။
- ↑ "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms" (January 1969). Science 163 (3863): 150–60. doi: . PMID 5762760. Bibcode: 1969Sci...163..150W.
- ↑ "An ancient divergence among the bacteria" (August 1977). Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311. doi: . PMID 408502. Bibcode: 1977JMolE...9..305B.
- ↑ "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms" (November 1977). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11): 5088–90. doi: . PMID 270744. Bibcode: 1977PNAS...74.5088W.
- ↑ "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya." (1990). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–9. doi: . PMID 2112744. PMC:54159. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W.
- ↑ "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?" (1981). Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi: . PMID 7337818.
- ↑ "Origins of secondary metabolism" (1992). Ciba Foundation symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. PMID 1302186.
- ↑ "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla" (1993). Microbiological reviews 57 (4): 953–994. doi: . PMID 8302218.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith၊ T. (1998)၊ "A revised six-kingdom system of life"၊ Biological Reviews၊ 73 (03): 203–66၊ doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x၊ PMID 9809012
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith၊ T. (2004)၊ "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF)၊ Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences၊ 271: 1251–62၊ doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705၊ PMC 1691724၊ PMID 15306349၊ 2010-04-29 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi: . PMID 20031978. PMC:2880060.
- ↑ "A higher level classification of all living organisms" (2015). PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. doi: . PMID 25923521. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1019248R.