အောက်တိုဘာတော်လှန်ရေး: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ
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စာကြောင်း ၁ -
အောက်တိုဘာတော်လှန်ရေး (အင်္ဂလိပ်- The October Revolution) (ရုရှား - Октябрьская революция, Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya) ကို ရုရှားတော်လှန်ရေး (the Russian Revolution) ဟုလည်းကောင်း၊ နီမြန်းသောအောက်တိုဘာတော်လှန်ရေး (Red October ) ဟုလည်းကောင်း၊ မဟာအောက်တိုဘာဆိုရှယ်လစ်တော်လှန်ရေး (Great October Socialist Revolution) ဟုလည်းကောင်း၊ ဘော်ရှီဗစ်တော်လှန်ရေး (the Bolshevik Revolution) ဟုလည်းကောင်း လူသိများသည်။ ဂျူလီယန်ပြက္ခဒိန်အရ ၁၉၁၇ခုနှစ်၊ အောက်တိုဘာလ (၂၅)ရက်နေ့ (ဂရီဂေါ်ရီယန်းပြက္ခဒိန်အရ ၁၉၁၇ခုနှစ်၊ နိုဝင်ဘာလ (၇)ရက်နေ့)တွင် ပီထရိုဂရက်မြို့၌ လက်နက်ကိုင်တော်လှန်မှုဖြင့် စတင်ခဲ့သည်။ ယင်းသည် ၁၉၁၇ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလတွင် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သော တော်ခှန်ရေးနောက်တဆင့်ဖြစ်ပြီး ရုရှားပြည်တော်လှန်ရေး၏ အစိပ်အပိုင်းတစ်ခုဖြစ်သည်။ ယာယီအစိုးရကိုဖြုတ်ချပြီး ဘော်ရှီဗစ်များကို အာဏာ ရရှိစေခဲ့သည်။ ယင်းတော်လှန်ရေးသည် ပီထရိုဂရက်မှတစ်ပါး အခြားမြို့များတွင် ဖြစ်ပွားခြင်းမရှိခဲ့သဖြင့် ၁၉၁၇မှ ၁၉၂၂ အထိ ရုရှာပြည်တွင်းစစ်ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၂၂တွင် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုကို တည်ထောင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။
တော်လှန်ရေးကို ပီထရိုဂရက်မြို့မှ ဘော်ရှီဗစ်များက ဦးဆောင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ အောက်တိုဘာလ ၂၄ရက်နေ့မှစ၍ အစိုးရအဆောက်အဦများကို
==ဝေါဟာရခေါ်ဝေါသုံးစွဲလာပုံ==
အစပိုင်းတွင် ယင်းဖြစ်စဉ်ကို အောက်တိုဘာအာဏာသိမ်းမှု (the October coup - Октябрьский переворот)ဟု ခေါ်ဆိုခဲ့သည်။ ၂၅ရက်နေ့ထကြွမှု (the Uprising of 25th)ဟုလည်း ခေါ်ဆိုခဲ့သည်။ နောက်ပိုင်းတွင် အောက်တိုဘာတော်လှန်ရေးဟုလည်းကောင်း၊ ဂရီဂေါ်ရီယန်ပြက္ခဒိန်အရ နိုဝင်ဘာလတွင် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သောကြောင့် နိုဝင်ဘာ တော်လှန်ရေး ဟုလည်းကောင်း ခေါ်ဆိုခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၁၉၂၇ခုနှစ် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ဒသမမြောက်အောက်တိုဘာတော်လှန်ရေးနှစ်ပတ်လည်တွင် မဟာအောက်တိုဘာဆိုရှယ်လစ်တော်လှန်ရေး (The Great October Socialist Revolution, Russian: Великая Октябрьская Социалистическая Революция, Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya) ဟု တရားဝင်အမည်တပ်ပေးခဲ့သည်။
==သမိုင်းကြောင်းနောက်ခံ==
A nationwide crisis had developed in Russia affecting social, economic, and political relations. The policies of the Russian Provisional Government had brought the country to the brink of catastrophe. Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. Gross industrial production in 1917 had decreased by over 36 percent from what it had been in 1916. In the autumn, as much as 50 percent of all enterprises were closed down in the Urals, the Donbas, and other industrial centers, leading to mass unemployment. At the same time, the cost of living increased sharply. The real wages of the workers fell about 50 percent from what they had been in 1913. Russia’s national debt in October 1917 had risen to 50 billion rubles. Of this, debts to foreign governments constituted more than 11 billion rubles. The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy.[3]
In September and October 1917, there were strikes by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, the miners of the Donbas, the metalworkers of the Urals, the oil workers of Baku, the textile workers of the Central Industrial Region, and the railroad workers on 44 different railway lines. In these months alone more than a million workers took part in mass strike action. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution.
By October 1917 there had been over four thousand peasant uprisings against landowners. When the Provisional Government sent out punitive detachments it only enraged the peasants. The garrisons in Petrograd, Moscow, and other cities, the Northern and Western fronts, and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet in September openly declared through their elected representative body Tsentrobalt that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands.[3]
In a diplomatic note of the 1st May, the minister of foreign affairs, Pavel Milyukov, expressed the Provisional Government’s desire to carry the war against the Central Powers through “to a victorious conclusion,” arousing broad indignation. On 1-4 May about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and after them the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading “Down with the war!” and “all power to the soviets!” The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government.[3]
On July 1st about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated, again demanding “all power to the soviets,” “down with the war,” and “down with the ten capitalist ministers.” The Provisional Government opened an offensive against the Germans on 1 July but it soon collapsed. The news of the offensive and its collapse intensified the struggle of the workers and the soldiers. A new crisis in the Provisional Government began on 15 July. On 16 July spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd, demanding that power be turned over to the soviets. The Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party provided leadership to the spontaneous movements. On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd. The Provisional Government, with the support of the SR-Menshevik leaders of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets, ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators. Fifty-six people were killed and 650 were wounded.[3]
A period of repression followed. On 5-6 July attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of Pravda and on the Palace of Kshesinskaia, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. On 7 July a government decree ordering the arrest and trial of Lenin was published. He was forced to go underground, just as he had been under the Tsarist regime. Bolsheviks began to be arrested, workers were disarmed, and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent off to the front. On 12 July the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front. The formation of the second coalition government, with Kerensky as chairman, was completed on 24 July.[3]
A conspiracy against the government began, headed by General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July. In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow’s working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. The Moscow workers were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in Kiev, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, and other cities. On 25 August the right-wing General Kornilov began a military revolt and started moving troops toward Petrograd. The Central Committee of the RSDLP appealed on 27 August to the workers, soldiers, and sailors of Petrograd to come to the defense of the revolution. The Bolshevik Party mobilized and organized the people to defeat the Kornilov revolt. The Red Guard in the capital, which by then numbered about 25,000 fighters, was supported by the garrison of the city, the Baltic sailors, the railroad workers, the workers of Moscow, the Donbas, the Urals, and the soldiers at the front and in the rear. Kornilov’s revolt and its defeat at the hands of the workers disorganized and weakened the Provisional Government, while demonstrating the strength of the Bolsheviks and increasing their authority.[3]
With Kornilov’s failed putsch, the Bolsheviks' popularity with the soviets significantly increased. During and after the defeat of Kornilov a mass turn of the soviets toward the Bolsheviks began, both in the central and local areas. On 31 August the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies and on 5 September the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. The Bolsheviks won a majority in the Soviets of Briansk, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Minsk, Kiev, Tashkent, and other cities. In one day alone, 1 September, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets received demands from 126 local soviets urging it to take power into its own hands.[3]
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==တော်လှန်ရေးဖြစ်စဉ်==
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