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ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံ: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ

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စာကြောင်း ၁ -
 
{{not Burmese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{About|the ballistic missile||V2 (disambiguation)}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox Weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name={{lang|de|Aggregat-4}} / {{lang|de|Vergeltungswaffe-2}}
|image=[[File:Fusée V2.jpg|300px]]
|caption=[[Peenemünde]] Museum [[replica]] of V-2
|origin={{flag| Nazi Germany|name='''Germany'''}}
|type=single stage ballistic missile
|used_by={{flag| Nazi Germany|name='''Germany'''}}<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}} (post-war)<br />{{flag|United States}} (post-war)<br />{{flag|Soviet Union}} (post-war)
|manufacturer=[[Mittelwerk]] GmbH (development by [[:en:Peenemünde#Army Research Center Peenemünde|Army Research Center Peenemünde]])
|unit_cost=100,000 [[:en:Reichsmark|RM]] January 1944, 50,000 RM March 1945<ref name=Kennedy/>
|propellant={{convert|3810|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of 75% [[ethanol]] and 25% water + {{convert|4910|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of [[liquid oxygen]]
|production_date=[[:en:List of V-2 test launches|16 March 1942]]
|service=1944–[[:en:List of V-2 test launches#Launches of captured V-2 rockets in the USA after 1945|1952]]
|engine=
|weight={{convert|12500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
Line ၃၁ ⟶ ၂၈:
|ceiling=
|altitude={{convert|88|km|mi|abbr=on}} maximum altitude on long range trajectory, {{convert|206|km|mi|abbr=on}} maximum altitude if launched vertically.
|filling={{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[Amatol]]
|guidance=Gyroscopes to determine direction<br />[[Müller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer]] for engine cutoff on most production rockets (10% of the [[Mittelwerk]] rockets used a guide beam for cutoff.)<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp|225}}
|detonation=
|launch_platform=Mobile ([[Meillerwagen]])
}}
 
'''ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံ ''' ({{lang-de|[[Vergeltungswaffe]] 2}}, i.e. ''retaliation weapon 2''), technical nameနည်းပညာရပ်ဆိုင်ရာအမည် ''[[:en:Aggregate (rocket family)|Aggregat-4]] (A4)'' သည် [[ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်]]အစောပိုင်းကာလတွင် အထူးသဖြင့် [[လန်ဒန်မြို့]]၊ ထို့နောက် အန်တွပ်မြို့များကိုပစ်ခတ်ရန်တီထွင်ခဲ့သောအန်တွပ်မြို့များကို [[တာတိုပစ်ဒုံးပျံ]]ဖြစ်သည်။ပစ်ခတ်ရန် ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံတွင် [[လောင်စာရည်တွန်းအားပေးဒုံးပျံ]]သည်တီထွင်ခဲ့သော တာဝေးပစ်ဒုံးပျံဖြစ်သည်။ လောင်စာရည်တွန်းအားပေးဒုံးပျံသည် ကမ္ဘာ့ပထမဆုံးသောအဝေးပစ်<ref>'Long-range' in the context of the time. See [http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.htm NASA history article.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107190509/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.htm |date=7 January 2009 }}</ref> စစ်သုံးလက်နက်<ref>{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | location = Reading | year = 2003 |page=3 | isbn = 978-1-84176-541-9 }}</ref> နှင့် အာကာသသို့ပထမဆုံးရောက်သော[[အာကာသ]]သို့ ပထမဆုံးရောက်သော လူလုပ်ပစ္စည်းဖြစ်သည်။<ref>''Peenemünde,'' Walter Dornberger, Moewig, Berlin 1984. ISBN 3-8118-4341-9.</ref> Itယင်းသည် wasခေတ်မီ theဒုံးပျံအားလုံး၏ progenitor of all modern rockets,ဖခင်ဖြစ်ကာ<ref>''NOVA'' science programme(s). ''Sputnik Declassified.'' Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 2008.</ref> includingအမေရိကန် those used by theပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့် [[United Statesဆိုဗီယက်ယူနီယံ]]တို့ andအသုံးပြုသော [[Theအာကာသ Sovietစီမံကိန်းများအထိ Union|Sovietပါဝင်သည်။ Union's]]ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်ကာလအတွင်း spaceအမေရိကန်၊ programs.ဗြိတိသျှ၊ Duringဆိုဗီယက်တို့သည် the [[aftermath of World War II]] the American, Soviet and British governments all gained access to the Vဗွီ-2's၂ technicalဒုံးပျံ၏ designsနည်းပညာရပ်ဆိုင်ဒီဇိုင်းကို asရရှိရန် wellကြိုးပမ်းခဲ့ကြသည်။ asထို့အပြင် the actual German scientists responsible for creating the rockets, via [[Operation Paperclip]], [[Operation Osoaviakhim]], and [[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Operationအစရှိသော Backfire]]စစ်ဆင်ရေးများဖြင့် respectively.ဒုံးပျံအားတီထွင်သည့် ဂျာမန်သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်များကို ဖမ်းဆီးရန်လည်း ဆောင်ရွက်ခဲ့သည်။<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Sr6JtOoWghkC&pg=PA170&dq=german+scientists,+soviet+space+program&hl=en&ei=Ckf4S7HkIcWblgfmupzeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=german%20scientists%2C%20soviet%20space%20program&f=false "The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program"], C. Reuter. German Canadian Museum. p. 170. ISBN 1-894643-05-4, ISBN 978-1-894643-05-4.</ref>
 
The weapon was presented by [[Nazism|Nazi]] propaganda as a retaliation for the bombers that attacked ever more German cities from 1942 until Germany surrendered.<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=kq9-YJSCjuMC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false The Third Reich: politics and propaganda, David Welch], page 149: Nazi propaganda at war</ref>
 
၁၉၄၄၊ စက်တင်ဘာမှစတင်၍ ဂျာမန်တပ်များသည် မဟာမိတ်ပစ်မှတ်များ၊ အများအားဖြင့် လန်ဒန်မြို့၊ ထို့နောက်အန်တွပ်မြို့နှင့်လီဂဲမြို့များသို့ ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံပေါင်း ၃,၀၀ကျော်ပစ်လွှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဘီဘီစီ၏ ၂၀၁၁ စာရင်းများအရ စစ်သားနှင့်အရပ်သား ၉,၀၀၀ကျော်သေဆုံးခဲ့ပြီး ချွေးတပ်သားနှင့်အကျဉ်းသားစုစုပေါင်း ၁၂,၀၀၀ကျော်မှာ ယင်းလက်နက်များထုတ်လုပ်ရေးစခန်းများတွင် ခိုင်းစေမှုကြောင့်သေဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။ <ref>''Am Anfang war die V2. Vom Beginn der Weltraumschifffahrt in Deutschland.'' In: Utz Thimm (Hrsg.): ''Warum ist es nachts dunkel? Was wir vom Weltall wirklich wissen.'' Kosmos, 2006, S. 158, ISBN 3-440-10719-1</ref>
 
==Developmental history==
 
၁၉၂၀နှောင်းပိုင်းတွင် လူငယ်သိပ္ပံပညာရှင် ဝါနာဗွန်ဘရောင်းသည် n the late 1920s, a young [[Wernher von Braun]] acquired a copy of [[Hermann Oberth]]'s book, ''[[Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen]]'' (''The Rocket into Interplanetary Space'').<ref name="WvB">[[Wernher von Braun#Early life]].</ref> Starting in 1930, he attended the [[Technical University of Berlin]], where he assisted Oberth in liquid-fueled rocket motor tests.<ref name="WvB" /> Von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] gained power in Germany.<ref name="PrusRocketeer">[[Wernher von Braun#The Prussian rocketeer and working under the Nazis]].</ref> An artillery captain, [[Walter Dornberger]], arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who from then on worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at [[Kummersdorf]].<ref name="PrusRocketeer" /> Von Braun's thesis, ''Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket'' (dated 16 April 1934), was kept classified by the [[German army]] and was not published until 1960.<ref>Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete. ''Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung'', Sonderheft 1 (1960), Stuttgart, Germany</ref> By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that reached heights of {{convert|2.2|and|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="PrusRocketeer" />
 
At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist [[Robert H. Goddard]]'s research. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions.<ref name="PrusRocketeer" /> Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the ''[[Aggregate series|Aggregat]]'' (A) series of [[rocket]]s.<ref name="PrusRocketeer" />
 
Following successes at [[Kummersdorf]] with the first two [[Aggregate series]] rockets, [[Wernher von Braun]] and [[Walter Riedel]] began thinking of a much larger rocket in the summer of 1936,<ref name=Ordway>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first= Frederick I, III | author1-link = Frederick I. Ordway III |coauthors=Sharpe, Mitchell R |title=The Rocket Team | isbn = 1-894959-00-0 |series= Apogee Books Space Series 36|page=32 | editor2-last = Godwin | editor2-first = Robert }}</ref> based on a projected 25-metric-ton-thrust engine.
 
[[File:Wind channel model of an A4.JPG|thumb|[[Wind tunnel]] model of an A4 in the [[German Museum of Technology]] in Berlin]]
 
After the [[Aggregate series#A4 (V-2 rocket)|A-4]] project was postponed due to unfavourable aerodynamic stability testing of the [[Aggregate series#A3|A-3]] in July 1936,<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V-2|year=1952, English translation 1954|publisher=Viking|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=Irving>
 
{{cite book |last=Irving|first=David|authorlink=David Irving|editor= |others=|title=The Mare's Nest|year=1964|publisher=William Kimber and Co|location=London|page=17}}</ref>
von Braun specified the A-4 performance in 1937,<ref name=Middlebrook>{{cite book |last=Middlebrook|first=Martin|title=The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943|url=https://archive.org/details/peenemunderaidni0000midd|year=1982|month= |publisher=Bobs-Merrill|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/peenemunderaidni0000midd/page/19 19]}}</ref> and A-4 design and construction was ordered c1938/1939.<ref name=Braun>{{cite book |last=Braun|first=Wernher von (Estate of) |authorlink=Wernher von Braun |coauthors=[[Frederick I. Ordway III|Ordway III, Frederick I]] & Dooling, David Jr. |title=Space Travel: A History |year=1985 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=0-06-181898-4 |page=45 |origyear=1975}}</ref>
During 28–30 September 1939, ''Der Tag der Weisheit'' (English: the day of wisdom) conference met at Peenemünde to initiate the funding of university research to solve rocket problems.<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|40}}
By late 1941, the [[Peenemünde#Army Research Center Peenemünde|Army Research Center]] at Peenemünde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4. The four key technologies for the A-4 were large liquid-fuel rocket engines, supersonic aerodynamics, gyroscopic guidance and rudders in jet control.<ref name=Neufeld>{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951|year=1995|month= |publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951/page/73 73], 74, 101, 281}}</ref> At the time, [[Adolf Hitler]] was not particularly impressed by the V-2; he pointed out that it was merely an artillery shell with a longer range and much higher cost.<ref name=Irons>{{Cite journal |last=Irons |first=Roy |title=Hitler's terror weapons: The price of vengeance |page=181}}</ref>
 
၁၉၄၃ စက်တင်ဘာလဆန်းပိုင်းတွင် ဗွန်ဘရောင်းအဝေးပစ်In early September 1943, von Braun promised the Long-Range Bombardment Commission<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp|224}} that the A-4 development was 'practically complete/concluded',<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|135}} but even by the middle of 1944, a complete A-4 parts list was still unavailable.<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp|224}} Hitler was sufficiently impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needed a "wonder weapon" to maintain German morale,<ref name=Irons/> so authorized its deployment in large numbers.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hakim | first = Joy | title = A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1995 | location = New York | pages = 100–104 | isbn = 0-19-509514-6 }}</ref>
 
ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံများကို [[မစ်တယ်ဝပ်]](Mittelwerk)စက်ရုံတွင် [[Mittelbau-Dora]]ချွေးတပ်စခန်းမှအကျဉ်းသားများဖြင့်တပ်ဆင်ခဲ့သည်။ စစ်ကာလအတွင်း ချွေးတပ်သား ၂၀,၀၀၀ကျော်သေဆုံးခဲ့သည်။ Of these, 9,000 died from exhaustion and collapse, 350 were hanged (including 200 executed for acts of sabotage) and the remainder were either shot or died from disease or starvation.<ref name=Hunt>{{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Linda |title=Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretagendaunit0000hunt |pages=[https://archive.org/details/secretagendaunit0000hunt/page/72 72]–74 |year=1991 |publisher=St.Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-05510-2}}</ref><ref name=Beon>{{cite book |last=Béon|first=Yves |others=translated from the French '''La planète Dora''' by Béon & Richard L. Fague|title=Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age|year=1997|publisher=Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins|isbn=0-8133-3272-9|pages=(SC) page tbd}}</ref>
 
==နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာအချက်အလက်များ==
[[File:V-2 rocket diagram (with English labels).svg|left|300px|upright|ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံ၏သရုပ်ပြပုံ]]
 
A-4 ဒုံးပျံသည် လောင်စာအဖြစ် ၇၅%ရေရောအရက်ကိုအသုံးပြုပြီး လောင်စာလောင်ကျွမ်းနိုင်ဖို့အောက်ဆီဂျင်အတွက် အောက်ဆီဂျင်အရည်ကိုအသုံးပြုသည်။ <ref>{{cite web|last=Dungan|first=T|title=The A4-V2 Rocket Site|url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/makeup/design.html|accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref>
 
At launch the A-4 propelled itself for up to 65 seconds on its own power, and a program motor controlled the pitch to the specified angle at engine shutdown, from which the rocket continued on a [[wikt:ballistic|ballistic]] free-fall trajectory. The rocket reached a height of {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} after shutting off the engine.<ref>[[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]] V2 Factory: Nordhausen 070723</ref>
 
လောင်စာပန့်နှင့်အောက်ဆီဂျင်ယူပန့်များမှာ ရေနွေးငွေ့တာဘိုင်များဖြစ်ကြသည်။ ရေနွေးငွေ့ကို [[ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်ပါအောက်ဆိုဒ်]]အပြင်းစားအား[[ဆိုဒီယမ်ပါမင်ဂနိတ်]]ဖြင့်ဓာတ်ကူစေပြီးရရှိသည်။ အရက်အိုးနှင့်အောက်ဆီဂျင်အိုးတို့မှာ ဒန်နှင့်မဂ္ဂနီစီယမ်လောဟာဖြစ်သည်။ <ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book |last=Kennedy|first= Gregory P.|title=Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile|year=1983 |publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press|location= Washington DC|pages=27, 74}}</ref>
 
The combustion burner reached a temperature of 2500–2700&nbsp;°C (4500 – 4900&nbsp;°F). The alcohol-water fuel was pumped along the double wall of the main combustion burner. This [[regenerative cooling (rocket)|regenerative cooling]] heated the fuel and cooled the chamber. The fuel was then pumped into the main burner chamber through 1,224 nozzles, which assured the correct mixture of alcohol and oxygen at all times. Small holes also permitted some alcohol to escape directly into the combustion chamber, forming a cooled [[boundary layer]] that further protected the wall of the chamber, especially at the throat where the chamber was narrowest. The boundary layer alcohol ignited in contact with the atmosphere, accounting for the long, diffuse exhaust plume. By contrast, later, post-V-2 engine designs not employing this alcohol boundary layer cooling show a translucent plume with [[shock diamond]]s.
 
[[File:Antwerp V-2.jpg|thumb|Vanes at exit of exhaust]]
The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal [[graphite]] vanes at the exit of the motor. The LEV-3 guidance system consisted of two free [[gyroscope]]s (a horizon and a vertical) for lateral stabilization, and a [[PIGA accelerometer]] to control engine cutoff at a specified velocity. The V-2 was launched from a pre-surveyed location, so the distance and [[azimuth]] to the target were known. Fin 1 of the missile was aligned to the target azimuth.<ref>Stakem, Patrick H. The History of Spacecraft Computers from the V-2 to the Space Station, 2010, PRB Publishing, ASIN B004L626U6</ref>
Some later V-2s used "guide beams", radio signals transmitted from the ground, to keep the missile on course, but the first models used a simple [[analog computer]] that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the engine cut-off, ''"[[Brennschluss]]"'', ground controlled by a Doppler system or by different types of on-board integrating accelerometers. The rocket stopped accelerating and soon reached the top of the approximately [[parabola|parabolic]] flight curve.
 
Dr. Friedrich Kirchstein of [[Siemens]] of Berlin developed the V-2 radio-control for motor-cut-off ({{lang-de|Brennschluss}}).<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|28,124}} For velocity measurement, Professor Wolman of Dresden created an alternative of his Doppler<ref name=Pocock/>{{Rp|18}} tracking system in 1940–41, which used a ground signal transponded by the A-4 to measure the velocity of the missile.<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp|103}} By 9 February 1942, Peenemünde engineer de Beek had documented the radio interference area of a V-2 as 10,000 meters around the “Firing Point”,<ref name=Klee/> and the first successful A-4 flight on 3 October 1943, used radio control for Brennschluss.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|12}} Although Hitler commented on 22 September 1943, that "It is a great load off our minds that we have dispensed with the radio guiding-beam; now no opening remains for the British to interfere technically with the missile in flight",<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|138}} about 20% of the operational V-2 launches were beam-guided.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|12}} The [[Operation Crossbow|Operation Pinguin]] V-2 offensive began on 8 September 1944, when ''Lehr- und Versuchsbatterie No. 444''<ref name=Pocock/>{{Rp|51–2}} ({{lang-en|Training and Testing Battery 444}}) launched a single rocket guided by a radio beam directed at Paris.<ref name=Klee/>{{Rp|47}} Wreckage of combat V-2s occasionally contained the transponder for velocity and fuel cutoff.<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|259–60}}
 
The painting of the operational V-2s was mostly a [[camouflage]] ragged pattern with several variations, but at the end of the war a plain olive green rocket also appeared. During tests, the rocket was painted in a characteristic black-and-white [[chessboard]] pattern, which aided in determining if the rocket was spinning around its longitudinal axis.
 
[[File:Esquema de la V-2.jpg|thumb|A [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] cut-away of the V-2.]]
 
The original German designation of the rocket was "V2", unhyphenated, but U.S. publications such as [[Life (magazine)|''LIFE'' magazine]] were using the hyphenated form "V-2" as early as December 1944.<ref name=V2_LIFE>{{cite journal |title=V-2: Nazi Rocket Details Are Finally Revealed |journal=[[Life (magazine)|LIFE]] |date=25 December 1944 |volume=17 |issue=26 |pages=46–48 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uUEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> This hyphenated form has now become common usage.
 
=== စမ်းသပ်ခြင်း===
{{See also|List of V-2 test launches}}
{{For|a description of a test explosion|Test Stand VII}}
ပထမဆုံးစမ်းသပ်အောင်မြင်သည့်နေ့မှာ ၁၉၄၂၊ အောက်တိုဘာ ၃ ရက်နေ့ဖြစ်သည်။ :{{quotation|This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel...|Speech at Peenemünde|[[Walter Dornberger]]|3 October 1942<ref name=Dornberger/><sup>17</sup>}}
 
[[File:Rocket engine A4 V2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|အင်ဂျပ်ဖြတ်ပိုင်းပုံ-၁၊ ဒွိုက်ချ်ပြတိုက်၊ မြူးနစ်မြို့]]
စမ်းသပ်ပစ်စင်နှစ်ခုအား မဟာမိတ်တို့တွေ့ရှိခဲ့သည်။: [[Sweden during World War II#The Bäckebo rocket|the Bäckebo rocket]] which landed in Sweden on 13 June 1944 and one [[Home Army and V1 and V2|recovered by the Polish resistance]] on 30 May 1944<ref># (Polish) Michał Wojewódzki, Akcja V-1, V-2, Warsaw 1984, ISBN 83-211-0521-1</ref> from [[Blizna]] and transported to the UK during [[Operation Most III]].
 
Test launches of V-2 rockets ([[Aggregate series#A4 (V-2 rocket)|Aggregate-4]]) were made at [[Peenemünde]], [[Blizna]] and [[Tuchola Forest]], and after the war, at [[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Cuxhaven by the British]], [[White Sands Proving Grounds]], [[Cape Canaveral]] and [[Kapustin Yar]].
 
Various design issues were identified and solved during V-2 development and testing:
:* To reduce tank pressure and weight, high flow turbopumps were used to boost pressure.<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp|35}}
:* A short and lighter combustion chamber without burn-through was developed by using centrifugal injection nozzles, a mixing compartment, and a converging nozzle to the throat for homogeneous combustion.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|51}}
:* Film cooling was used to prevent burn through at the nozzle throat.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|52}}
:* Relay contacts were made more durable to withstand vibration and prevent thrust cutoff just after lift-off.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|52}}
:* Ensuring that the fuel pipes had tension-free curves reduced the likelihood of explosions at {{convert|4000|-|6000|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|215,217}}
:* Fins were shaped with clearance to prevent damage as the exhaust jet expanded with altitude.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|56,118}}
:* To control trajectory at lift off and supersonic speeds, heat-resistant graphite vanes were used as rudders in the exhaust jet.<ref name=Dornberger/>{{Rp|35,58}}
 
====Airburst problem====
Through mid-March 1944, only 4 of the 26 successful Blizna launches had satisfactorily reached the Sarnaki target area<ref name=Klee>
 
{{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|authorlink=|coauthors=Merk, Otto|title=The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde|year=1963, English translation 1965|month= |publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|page=47}}</ref>{{Rp|112, 221–222, 282}} due to in-flight breakup (''Luftzerleger'') on entry into the atmosphere.<ref name=Johnson>
 
{{cite book |last=Johnson|first=|title=V-1, V-2: Hitler’s Vengeance on London|year=1981/1982|publisher=Stein and Day|location=|page=100}}</ref>{{Rp|100}} Initially, excessive alcohol tank pressure was suspected, and by April 1944 after 5 months of test firings, the cause was still not determined. Major-General Rossmann, the Army Weapons Office department chief, recommended stationing observers in the target area – [[circa|c.]] May/June, [[Walter Dornberger]] and [[Wernher von Braun]] set up a camp at the centre of the Poland target zone.<ref name=Neufeld/>{{Rp||221,222}} After moving to the [[Tuchola Forest|Heidekraut]],<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|172,173}} SS Mortar Battery 500 of the 836th Artillery Battalion (Motorized) was ordered<ref name=Klee/>{{Rp|47}} on 30 August<ref name=Pocock>
 
{{cite book |last=Pocock|first= Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967 |publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc |location=New York |isbn= |pages=51, 52}}</ref> to begin test launches of eighty 'sleeved' rockets.<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|281}} Testing confirmed that the so-called 'tin trousers' – a tube designed to strengthen the forward end of the rocket cladding—reduced the likelihood of airbursts.<ref name=Johnson/>{{Rp|100}}
 
==ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်း==
[[File:Peenemunde-165515.jpg|thumb|23 June 1943 RAF reconnaissance photo of V-2s at [[Test Stand VII]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 141-1880, Peenemünde, Start einer V2.jpg|thumb|upright|A V-2 launched from a fixed site in summer 1943]]
{{Main|Mittelwerk}}
 
A production line was nearly ready at [[Peenemünde]] when the [[Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II|Operation Hydra]] attack caused the Germans to move production to the [[Mittelwerk]] in the [[Kohnstein]] where 5,200 V-2 rockets were built.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Ruggles |first2=Henry |last2=Brodie |year=1947 |title=An Empirical Approach to Economic Intelligence in World War II |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=42 |issue=237 |pages=72–91 |jstor=2280189 |doi=10.2307/2280189}}</ref>
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Period of Production || Production
|-
| Up to 15 Sep 1944 ||align="right"| 1900
|-
| 15 Sep to 29 Oct 1944 ||align="right"| 900
|-
| 29 Oct to 24 Nov 1944 ||align="right"| 600
|-
| 24 Nov to 15 Jan 1945 ||align="right"| 1100
|-
| 15 Jan to 15 Feb 1945 ||align="right"| 700
|-
| '''Total''' ||align="right"| 5200
|}
 
==Launch sites==
{{For|a description of the V-2 launch equipment and procedure|Meillerwagen}}
 
Following [[Operation Crossbow]] bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground [[Blockhaus d'Éperlecques|Watten]] and [[La Coupole|Wizernes]] bunkers or from fixed pads such as [[Le Molay-Littry|near the Chateau du Molay]]<ref name=Jones>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=R. V. |authorlink=Reginald Victor Jones |year=1978 |title=Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=0-241-89746-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone/page/433 433]}}</ref> were dropped in favour of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at [[Mery-sur-Oise]] was begun in August 1943 and completed by February 1944).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allworldwars.com/V-Weapons%20Crossbow%20Campaign.html |title=V-Weapons Crossbow Campaign |publisher=Allworldwars.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> The missile could be launched practically anywhere, roads running through forests being a particular favourite. The system was so mobile and small that only one Meillerwagen was ever caught in action by Allied aircraft, during the [[Operation Bodenplatte]] attack on January 1, 1945<ref>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first=Frederick I, III |authorlink=Frederick I. Ordway III |coauthors=Sharpe, Mitchell R |year=1979 |title=The Rocket Team |url=http://www.apogeebooks.com/indices/RocketTeamindex.htm |format=index |series=Apogee Books Space Series 36 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |isbn=1-894959-00-0 |page=256 |access-date=10 January 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025247/http://www.apogeebooks.com/indices/RocketTeamindex.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> near [[Lochem]] by a USAAF [[4th Fighter Group]] aircraft, although [[Raymond Baxter]] described flying over a site during a launch and his wingman firing at the missile without hitting it.
 
It was estimated that a sustained rate of 350 V-2s could be launched per week, with 100 per day at maximum effort, given sufficient supply of the rockets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |authorlink=John Walker (programmer) |date=27 September 1993 |title=A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/rocketaday.html |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref>
 
==Operational history==
After Hitler's 29 August 1944 declaration to begin V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the offensive began on 8 September 1944 with a single launch at Paris, which caused modest damage near [[Porte d'Italie]],<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|218,220,467}}. Two more launches by the 485th followed, including one from [[The Hague]] against London on the same day at 6:43&nbsp;p.m.<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|285}} – the first landed at [[Chiswick]], killing 63-year-old Mrs. Ada Harrison, 3-year-old Rosemary Clarke, and Sapper Bernard Browning on leave from the Royal Engineers.<ref name=Middlebrook/>{{Rp|11}} Upon hearing the double-crack of the supersonic rocket (London's first-ever), [[Duncan Sandys]] and [[Reginald Victor Jones]] looked up from different parts of the city and exclaimed "That was a rocket!", and a short while after the double-crack, the sky was filled with the sound of a heavy body rushing through the air.<ref name=Irving/>{{Rp|286}} The Germans themselves finally announced the V-2 on 8 November 1944 and only then, on 10 November 1944, did Winston Churchill inform Parliament, and the world, that England had been under rocket attack "for the last few weeks".
 
Positions of the German launch units did change a number of times. For example Artillerie unit 444 arrived in the southwest [[Netherlands]] (in [[Zeeland]]) in September 1944. From a field near the village of [[Serooskerke, Walcheren|Serooskerke]], five V-2s were launched on 15 and 16 September, with one more successful and one failed launch on the 18th. That same date, a transport carrying a missile took a wrong turn and ended up in Serooskerke itself, giving a villager the opportunity to surreptitiously take some photographs of the weapon; these were smuggled to London by the Dutch Resistance.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = van Dijk | first1 = A.H. | last2 = Eekman | first2 = P.G. | last3 = Roelse | first3 = J. | last4 = Tuynman | first4 = J. | title = Walcheren onder vuur en water 1939–1945 | publisher = Den Boer Middelburg/Uitgevers | location = [[Middelburg]] | year = 1984 | page = 98 | isbn = 90 70027 82 8 | language = nl}}</ref> After that the unit moved to [[Gaasterland]] in the northwest Netherlands, to make sure that the technology did not fall into Allied hands. From Gaasterland V-2s were launched against [[Ipswich]] and [[Norwich]] from 25 September (London being out of range). Because of their inaccuracy, these V-2s did not hit their target cities. Shortly after that only London and Antwerp remained as designated targets as ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]] himself, Antwerp being targeted in the period of 12 to 20 October, after which time the unit moved to The Hague.
 
[[File:London V2 Frissell2.jpg|right|thumb|Aftermath of a V-2 bombing at [[Battersea]], London, 27 January 1945.]]
Over the next few months the number of V-2s fired was at least 3,172, distributed over the various targets as follows:
 
:'''Belgium''', 1664: [[Antwerp]] (1610), [[Liège (city)|Liège]] (27), [[Hasselt]] (13), [[Tournai]] (9), [[Mons]] (3), [[Diest]] (2)
:'''United Kingdom''', 1402: [[London]] (1358), [[Norwich]] (43),<ref name=Irving/><sup>p289</sup> [[Ipswich]] (1)
:'''France''', 76: [[Lille]] (25), [[Paris]] (22), [[Tourcoing]] (19), [[Arras]] (6), [[Cambrai]] (4)
:'''Netherlands''', 19: [[Maastricht]] (19)
:'''Germany''', 11: [[Remagen]] (11)
 
An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured,<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/homefront/arp/arp4a.html Air Raid Precautions – Deaths and injuries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which is two people killed per V-2 rocket. However, this understates the potential of the V-2, since many rockets were misdirected and exploded harmlessly. Accuracy increased over the course of the war, particularly on batteries where ''Leitstrahl-Guide Beam apparatus'' was installed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobile Firing Operations & Locations |url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/deployment/mobileoperations.html |work=V2Rocket.com}}</ref> Missile strikes were often devastating, causing large numbers of deaths—160 killed and 108 seriously injured in one explosion on 25 November 1944 in mid-afternoon, striking a [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth's]] department store in [[New Cross]], south-east London.
 
After these deadly results, British intelligence leaked falsified information implying that the rockets were over-shooting their London target by 10 to 20 miles. This tactic worked and for the remainder of the war most landed in [[Kent]] due to erroneous recalibration.<ref name="Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10.5.2010">Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10 May 2010</ref>
 
The final two rockets exploded on 27 March 1945. One of these was the last V-2 to kill a British civilian: Mrs. Ivy Millichamp, aged 34, killed in her home in Kynaston Road, [[Orpington]] in Kent,<ref>Foster, Vicki. [http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/5421934.ORPINGTON__65th_anniversary_of_the_V2_rocket_landing_in_Orpington/ "65th anniversary of the V2 rocket landing in Orpington"], ''News Shopper'', Orpington, Kent, 2 April 2010.</ref> evidencing the German re-calibration.
 
[[ဘယ်လဂျီယံနိုင်ငံ]]၊[[အန်တွပ်မြို့]]သည်လည်းပစ်မှတ်တစ်ခုဖြစ်ခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉၄၄အောက်တိုဘာမှ ၁၉၄၅မတ်လအထိ များစွာသော ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံများဖြင့်ပစ်ခတ်တိုက်ခိုက်ခံခဲ့ရသည်။ ၁,၇၃၆ ဦးသေဆုံးပြီး ၄,၅၀၀ ကျော်ဒဏ်ရာရခဲ့သည်။ အကြိမ် ၅၉၀ ကျော်တိုက်ရိုက်ထိမှန်ခဲ့ပြီး အဆောက်အအုံပေါင်းထောင်ချီပြီးပျက်စီးခဲ့သည်။ အသေအပျောက်အများဆုံးထိမှန်ချက်မှာ ၁၉၄၄၊ ဒီဇင်ဘာ၁၆ တွင် လူပြည့်နေသောရုပ်ရှင်ရုံအားထိမှန်ပြီး ၅၆၇ ဦးသေဆုံးကာ ၂၉၁ဦးဒဏ်ရာရသည်။ <ref>{{cite web |title=V2Rocket.com "Antwerp, The City of Sudden Death"|url=http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/antwerp.html}}</ref>
 
A scientific reconstruction carried out in 2010 demonstrated that the V-2 creates a crater 20&nbsp;m wide and 8&nbsp;m deep, throwing up around 3,000 tons of material into the air.<ref name="Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10.5.2010"/>
 
==Countermeasures==
{{Main|Operation Crossbow}}
Unlike the [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]], the V-2's speed and trajectory made it practically invulnerable to anti-aircraft guns and fighters, as it dropped from an altitude of {{convert|100|-|110|km|abbr=on}} at up to four times the speed of sound (approximately 3550&nbsp;km/h). A plan was proposed whereby the missile would be detected by radar, its terminal trajectory calculated, and the area along that trajectory saturated by large-caliber anti-aircraft guns. The plan was dropped after [[operations research]] indicated that the likely number of malfunctioning artillery shells falling to the ground would do more damage than the V-2 itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDA Link<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/history.html |accessdate=10 January 2013 |archivedate=15 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715054229/http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/history.html }}</ref>
 
The defence against the V-2 campaign was to destroy the launch infrastructure—expensive in terms of bomber resources and casualties—or to cause the Germans to "aim" at the wrong place through [[disinformation]]. The British were able to convince the Germans to direct [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]]s and V-2s aimed at London to less populated areas east of the city. This was done by sending false impact reports via the German espionage network in Britain, which was controlled by the British (the [[Double Cross System]]).
 
There is a record of one V-2, fortuitously observed at launch from a passing American [[B-24 Liberator]], being shot down by .50 caliber machine-gun fire.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jeremy|last=Stocker|url=http://www.cdiss.co.uk/Documents/Uploaded/Missile%20Defence%20-%20Then%20and%20Now.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090326041549/http://www.cdiss.co.uk/Documents/Uploaded/Missile%20Defence%20-%20Then%20and%20Now.pdf|archivedate=26 March 2009|title=Missile Defence – Then and Now|journal=The Officer Magazine|date=Nov/Dec 2004|pages=34–37|format=PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924095725/http://www.cdiss.co.uk/Documents/Uploaded/Missile%20Defence%20-%20Then%20and%20Now.pdf |date=24 September 2009 }}</ref>
 
Ultimately the most successful countermeasure was the Allied advance that forced the launchers back beyond range.
 
On 3 March 1945 the Allies attempted to destroy V-2s and launching equipment in the "Haagse Bos" in The Hague by a [[Bombing of the Bezuidenhout|large-scale bombardment]], but due to navigational errors the [[Bezuidenhout]] quarter was destroyed, killing 511 Dutch civilians.
 
==Assessment==
The German V-weapons (V-1 and V-2) cost $3 billion (wartime dollars) and was more costly than the [[Manhattan Project]] that produced the atomic bomb ($1.9 billion).<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|178}}
6,048 V-2s were built, at a cost of approximately 100,000 [[German reichsmark|Reichsmarks]] (GB£2,370,000 (2011)) each; 3,225 were launched.
SS General [[Hans Kammler]], who as an [[engineer]] had constructed several [[concentration camp]]s including [[Auschwitz]], had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as [[slavery|slave]] laborers in the rocket program. The V-2 is perhaps the only weapon system to have caused more deaths by its production than its deployment.<ref>[http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/mittel.html Mittelbau Overview]</ref>
 
<div class="infobox" style="width:20em;">
<small>"… those of us who were seriously engaged in the war were very grateful to Wernher von Braun. We knew that each V-2 cost as much to produce as a high-performance fighter airplane. We knew that German forces on the fighting fronts were in desperate need of airplanes, and that the V-2 rockets were doing us no military damage. From our point of view, the V-2 program was almost as good as if Hitler had adopted a policy of unilateral disarmament." ([[Freeman Dyson]])</small><ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |year=1979 |title=Disturbing the Universe |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RHzoMeU2bxsC&pg=PA108#PPA108,M1 |publisher=Harper & Row |page=108 |isbn=978-0-465-01677-8 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 }}</ref>
</div>
 
The V-2 consumed a third of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s fuel alcohol production and major portions of other critical technologies:<ref name=Oberg>{{cite web |last=Oberg |first=Jim |authorlink=James Oberg |coauthors=Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (original draft) |month=March 1999 |title='Space Power Theory |url=http://space.au.af.mil/books/oberg/ |location=[[U.S. Air Force Space Command]] |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=143 |accessdate=2008-11-28 |archivedate=3 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203015711/http://space.au.af.mil/books/oberg/ }}</ref> to distil the fuel alcohol for one V-2 launch required 30 tonnes of potatoes at a time when food was becoming scarce.<ref>[http://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=77 First German V2 rocket lands on London]</ref> Due to a lack of explosives, concrete was used and sometimes the warhead contained photographic propaganda of German citizens who had died in Allied bombing.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last=Irons |first=Roy |title=Hitler's terror weapons: The price of vengeance}}</ref>
 
The V-2 lacked a [[proximity fuse]], so it could not be set for [[air burst]]; it buried itself in the target area before or just as the warhead detonated. This reduced its effectiveness. Furthermore, its early guidance systems were too primitive to hit specific targets and its costs were approximately equivalent to four-engined bombers, which were more accurate (though only in a [[Strategic Bombing During World War II#Effectiveness|relative sense]]), had longer ranges, carried many more warheads, and were reusable. Moreover, it diverted resources from other, more effective programs. Nevertheless, it had a considerable psychological effect because, unlike bombing planes or the [[V-1 Flying Bomb]] (which made a characteristic buzzing sound), the V-2 travelled faster than the [[speed of sound]], with no warning before impact, no possibility of defence and there was no risk of attacking pilot and crew casualties.
 
With the war all but lost, regardless of the factory output of conventional weapons, the Nazis resorted to V-weapons as a tenuous last hope to influence the war militarily (hence Antwerp as V-2 target), as an extension of their desire to "punish" their foes and most importantly to give hope to their supporters with their [[miracle weapon]].<ref name=Irons/> The V-2 had no effect on the outcome of the war, but its value, despite its overall ineffectiveness, was in its novelty as a weapon which set the stage for the next 50 years of ballistic military rocketry, culminating with [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]]s during the [[Cold War]] and modern space exploration.
 
==Unfulfilled plans==
A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, making it the prototype for [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s. The project codename was '''Prüfstand XII''' ("Test stand XII"), sometimes called the [[rocket U-boat]]. If deployed, it would have allowed a [[U-boat]] to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable effort (and limited effect).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uboataces.com/articles-rocket-uboat.shtml |title=Hitler's Rocket U-boat Program - history of WW2 rocket submarine |publisher=Uboataces.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>
Hitler, in July 1944 and Speer, in January 1945, made speeches alluding to the scheme,<ref>Article in San Diego Times c.25 July 1944</ref> though Germany did not possess any capability to fulfill these threats. These schemes were met by the Americans with [[Operation Teardrop]].
 
While interned after the war by the British at [[CSDIC]] camp 11, Dornberger was recorded saying that he had begged the Führer to stop the V-weapon propaganda, because nothing more could be expected from one ton of explosive. To this Hitler had replied that Dornberger might not expect more but he certainly did.
 
According to decrypted messages from the [[Japan]]ese embassy in Germany, twelve dismantled V-2 rockets were shipped to Japan.<ref>Besant, John ''Stalin's Silver'' concerning the sinking of [[SS John Barry|SS ''John Barry'']] near [[Aden]] in 1944</ref> These left [[Bordeaux]] in August 1944 on the transport U-boats [[German submarine U-219|''U-219'']] and [[German submarine U-195|''U-195'']], which reached [[Djakarta]] in December 1944. A civilian V-2 expert was a passenger on [[German submarine U-234|''U-234'']], bound for Japan in May 1945 when the war ended in Europe. The fate of these V-2 rockets is unknown.
 
Near the end of the war, German scientists were working on chemical and possibly biological weapons to use in the V-2 program{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. By this stage, the Germans had produced munitions containing [[nerve agents]] [[sarin]], [[soman]] and [[tabun (nerve agent)|tabun]]; they never used them.
 
==Postwar use==
At the end of the war, a race began between the United States and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and staff as possible.<ref>"We Want with the West", ''Time Magazine,'' 9 December 1946.</ref> Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States and 126 of the principal designers, including [[Wernher von Braun]] and [[Walter Dornberger]] were in American hands. Von Braun, his brother [[Magnus von Braun]] and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military ([[Operation Paperclip]]) to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Werner von Braun |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/vonBraun/vonbraun_3.php |accessdate=2009-07-04}}</ref>
 
;Britain
[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Operation Backfire (WWII)]] V-2 rocket on [[Meillerwagen]] ([[Smithsonian Institution|S.I.]] Negative #76-2755)]]
In October 1945, British ''[[Operation Backfire (WWII)|Operation Backfire]]'' assembled a small number of V-2 missiles and launched three of them from a site in northern Germany. The engineers involved had already agreed to move to the US when the test firings were complete. The Backfire report remains the most extensive technical documentation of the rocket, including all support procedures, tailored vehicles and fuel composition.
 
Post-war V-2s launched in secret from Peenemünde may have been responsible for a curious phenomenon known as [[Ghost rockets]], unexplained objects crossing the skies over Sweden and Finland.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
 
;Canada
In his book ''My Father's Son'', Canadian author [[Farley Mowat]], then a member of the [[Canadian Army]], claims to have obtained a V-2 rocket in 1945 and shipped it back to Canada, where it is alleged to have ended up in the National Exhibition grounds in Toronto. There was a V-2 stored outside at RCAF Station Picton, Ontario in June 1961.
 
The [[Canadian Arrow]], a competitor for the [[Ansari X Prize]], was based on the aerodynamic design of the V-2.
 
;United States
[[File:Bumper8 launch-GPN-2000-000613.jpg|thumb|right|US test launch of a [[Bumper (rocket)|''Bumper'' V-2]].]]
 
[[Operation Paperclip]] recruited German engineers and [[Operation Paperclip#Related operations|Special Mission V-2]] transported the captured V-2 parts to the United States. At the close of the Second World War, over 300 rail cars filled with V-2 engines, [[fuselage]]s, [[propellant]] tanks, [[gyroscopes]] and associated equipment were brought to the railyards in [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]], so they could be placed on trucks and driven to the [[White Sands Proving Grounds]], also in New Mexico.
 
In addition to V-2 hardware, the U.S. Government delivered German mechanization equations for the V-2 guidance, navigation and control systems, as well as for advanced development concept vehicles, to U.S. defense contractors for analysis. In the 1950s some of these documents were useful to U.S. contractors in developing direction cosine matrix transformations and other inertial navigation architecture concepts that were applied to early U.S. programs such as the Atlas and Minuteman guidance systems as well as the Navy's Subs Inertial Navigation System.
 
A committee{{Who|date=January 2009}} was formed with military and civilian scientists, to review payload proposals for the reassembled V-2 rockets.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} This led to an eclectic array of experiments that flew on V-2s and paved the way for American manned [[space exploration]]. Devices were sent aloft to sample the air at all levels to determine [[atmospheric pressure]]s and to see what [[gases]] were present. Other instruments measured the level of [[cosmic radiation]].
 
[[File:First photo from space.jpg|thumb|The first photo from space was taken from a V-2 launched by US scientists on 24 October 1946.]]
 
Only 68 percent of the V-2 trials were considered successful.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} A supposed V-2 launched on 29 May 1947 landed near Juarez, Mexico and was actually a [[Hermes project|Hermes B-1 vehicle]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Beggs |first=|title=HERMES |url=http://www.postwarv2.com/index.html Beggs Aerospace Post-War V-2 Site |accessdate=2008-12-01}}</ref>
 
The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] attempted to launch a German V-2 rocket at sea—one test launch from the aircraft carrier [[USS Midway (CV-41)|USS Midway]] was performed on 6 September 1947 as part of the Navy's [[Operation Sandy]]. The test launch was a partial success; the V-2 went off the pad but splashed down in the ocean only some 10&nbsp;km (6.2&nbsp;mi) from the carrier. The launch setup on the Midway's deck is notable in that it used foldaway arms to prevent the missile from falling over. The arms pulled away just after the engine ignited, releasing the missile. The setup may look similar to the [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]] launch procedure but in the case of the R-7 the trusses hold the full weight of the rocket, rather than just reacting to side forces.
 
The [[PGM-11 Redstone]] rocket is a direct descendant of the V-2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/REDSTONE/DI149.htm |title=Redstone rocket |publisher=Centennialofflight.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27 |archivedate=30 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830023322/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/REDSTONE/DI149.htm }}</ref>
 
;USSR
The [[Soviet Union|USSR]] also captured a number of V-2s and staff, letting them set up in Germany for a time. The first work contracts were signed in the middle of 1945. In 1946 (as part of [[Operation Osoaviakhim]]) they were obliged to move to [[Kapustin Yar]] in the USSR, where [[Helmut Gröttrup|Gröttrup]] headed up a group of just under 250 engineers. The first Soviet missile was the [[R-1 rocket|R-1]], a duplicate of the V-2. Most of the German team was sent home after that project but some remained to do research until as late as 1951. Unbeknownst to the Germans, work immediately began on larger missiles, the [[R-2 rocket|R-2]] and [[R-5 missile|R-5]], based on extension of the V-2 technology.
 
==In popular culture==
* [[Thomas Pynchon]] makes the V-2 rocket the central point of his postmodern novel ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]''.
* The MGM movie ''[[Operation Crossbow (film)|Operation Crossbow]]'' dramatises Allied efforts to impede the V-1 and V-2 programmes.
*Hergé's [[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]] comic album "Destination Moon" (Objectif Lune) first published in 1950 depicts a moon rocket resembling the V2 rocket, even with red-white checkerboard pattern on the fuselage
 
==Model rockets==
[[Model rocket]] V-2s are available in many sizes. Since the 1960s [[Estes Industries]] has released several versions of the V-2. Currently there is an Estes V-2 in production.
 
==Surviving V-2 examples and components==
[[File:V-2 rocket at the AWM Treloar Centre Annex.jpg|thumb|V-2 rocket located at the Australian War Memorial Treloar Centre Annex]]
[[File:Germany, Thüringen, Nordhausen, KZ Dora-Mittelbau (2).JPG|thumb|A rusty V-2 engine in the original underground production facilities at the [[Dora-Mittelbau]] concentration camp memorial site.]]
<!-- causes too much whitepage issues [[File:V2Musee.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A V-2 replica on display in {{lang|fr|[[Musée de l'Armée]]}}.]] -->
 
At least 20 V-2s still existed in 2012.
 
===Australia===
*One at the [[Australian War Memorial]], Canberra, including complete Meillerwagen transporter. The rocket has the most complete set of guidance components of all surviving A4s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The Meillerwagen is the most complete of the three examples known to exist. Another A4 was on display at the [[RAAF Museum]] at Point Cook outside Melbourne. Both rockets now reside in Canberra.
 
===Netherlands===
*One example, partly skeletonized, is in the collection of the [[Royal Netherlands Army Museum]]. In this collection are also a launching table and some loose parts, as well as the remains of a V-2 that crashed in The Hague immediately after the launch.
 
===Poland===
*Several large components, like hydrogen peroxide tank and reaction chamber, the propellant turbopump and the HWK rocket engine chamber (partly cut-out) are displayed at the [[Polish Aviation Museum]] in Kraków
 
===France===
*One engine at {{lang|fr|Cité de l'espace}} in [[Toulouse]].
*V-2 display at [[La Coupole]] museum, Wizernes, Pas de Calais.
*One rocket body no engine, one complete engine, one lower engine section and one wrecked engine on display at [[La Coupole]] museum
*One engine complete with steering pallets, feed lines and tank bottoms, plus one cut-out thrust chamber and one cut-out turbopump at the Snecma (Space Engines Div.) museum in Vernon
 
===Germany===
* One complete missile and an additional engine at the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]].
* One engine at the Museum of Technology in Berlin.
* One rusty engine in the original V-2 underground production facilities at the [[Dora-Mittelbau]] concentration camp memorial site.
 
One replica was constructed for the [[Peenemünde]] Historical and Technical Information Centre<ref name="ref1">The [[Peenemünde]] replica incorporates many original components along with remanufactured ones and was put together by a group that included Reinhold Kruger, who worked as an apprentice at Peenemünde during the war.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}</ref> where it is displayed near what remains of the factory where it was built.
 
===United Kingdom===
[[File:V2 combustion chamber geograph.org.uk 1430641 f91f99d8-by-Ashley-Dace.jpg|thumb|Combustion chamber of a fired example at Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum near [[Bungay]] ]]
 
*One at the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]], London.
*One, on loan from [[Cranfield University]], at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
*The RAF Museum has two rockets, one displayed at [[Royal Air Force Museum London|the museum's London site]] and one at the [[Royal Air Force Museum Cosford|Cosford site]]. The museum also owns a [[Meillerwagen]], a ''Vidalwagen'', a Strabo crane, and a firing table with towing dolly.
* One at the [[Royal Engineers]] Explosive Ordnance Disposal Museum in [[Chatham, Kent]].
* A fuel combustion chamber from a fired example is in [[Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum]] near [[Bungay]]
* A complete "chessboard" design V2 is lying in a field close to and visible from the M4 motorway near Slough.
* A complete turbo-pump is at Solway Aviation Museum, Carlisle Airport as part of the Blue Streak Rocket exhibition.
* The venturi segment of one discovered in April 2012 was donated to the [[Harwich]] Sailing Club after they found it buried in a mudflat.<ref>[http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2012-04-01/more-pictures-of-v2-recovery-operation-at-harwich/ More pictures of V2 recovery operation at Harwich | Anglia - ITV News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*Fuel combustion chamber recovered from the sea near Clacton at the East Essex Aviation Museum, St Oysth
 
===United States===
;Complete missiles
* One at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]], including complete Meillerwagen transporter, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]].
* One (chessboard-painted) at the [[Cosmosphere|Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center]] in [[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]], [[Kansas]].
* One at the [[National Air and Space Museum]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* One at the [[Fort Bliss]] Air Defense Museum, [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], [[Texas]].
* One (yellow and black) at Missile Park, [[White Sands Missile Range]], [[White Sands, New Mexico|White Sands]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name="ref2">The [[White Sands Missile Range|WSMR]] exhibit is [[Mittelwerk]] rocket #FZ04/20919 captured during [[Operation Paperclip#Named activities|Special Mission V-2]] and is painted with a yellow and black paint scheme of the first successful V-2 launched at [[White Sands Missile Range|WSMR]] on 10 May 1946.</ref>
* One at [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]].
* One at the [[U.S. Space & Rocket Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]].
;Components
* One engine at the [[Stafford Air & Space Museum]] in [[Weatherford, Oklahoma]].
* One engine at the [[U.S. Space & Rocket Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]].
* One engine at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]
* One engine at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in Chicago.
* One rocket body and one engine at the [[United States Army Ordnance Museum]] in [[Aberdeen, Maryland|Aberdeen]], [[Maryland]]. (moved to Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton Ohio in approx 2005.)
* One rocket body at [[Picatinny Arsenal]] in [[Dover, NJ]].
* One engine in the Auburn University Engineering Lab
* One engine in the Blockhouse building on the Historic Cape Canaveral Tour in [[Cape Canaveral, Florida|Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]].
* One engine at [[Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology]] in [[St.Louis, Missouri]]
 
==See also==
* [[Aggregate (rocket family)]]
* [[V-1 flying bomb]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
၁၉၄၄၊ စက်တင်ဘာမှစတင်၍ ဂျာမန်တပ်များသည် မဟာမိတ်ပစ်မှတ်များ၊ အများအားဖြင့် လန်ဒန်မြို့၊ ထို့နောက်အန်တွပ်မြို့နှင့်လီဂဲမြို့များသို့ ဗွီ-၂ ဒုံးပျံပေါင်း ၃,၀၀ကျော်ပစ်လွှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဘီဘီစီ၏ ၂၀၁၁ စာရင်းများအရ စစ်သားနှင့်အရပ်သား ၉,၀၀၀ကျော်သေဆုံးခဲ့ပြီး ချွေးတပ်သားနှင့်အကျဉ်းသားစုစုပေါင်း ၁၂,၀၀၀ကျော်မှာ ယင်းလက်နက်များ ထုတ်လုပ်ရေးစခန်းများတွင် ခိုင်းစေမှုကြောင့် သေဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။<ref name="Thimm">"Am Anfang war die V2. Vom Beginn der Weltraumschifffahrt in Deutschland". In: Utz Thimm (ed.): ''Warum ist es nachts dunkel? Was wir vom Weltall wirklich wissen''. Kosmos, 2006, p. 158, {{ISBN|3-440-10719-1}}.</ref>
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web |last=Oberg |first=Jim |authorlink=James Oberg |coauthors=Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (original draft) |month=March 1999 |title='Space Power Theory |url=http://space.au.af.mil/books/oberg/ |location=[[U.S. Air Force Space Command]] |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=143 |accessdate=2008-11-28 |archivedate=3 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203015711/http://space.au.af.mil/books/oberg/ }}
</ref> 24,000 fighters could have been produced instead of the inaccurate [[V-weapons]].
*{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Arthur T |authorlink= |coauthors=Cox, Sebastion |year=1995 |title=Despatch on War Operations: 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jzzl8wUn52cC |accessdate=2008-07-04 |isbn=0-7146-4692-X |page=xliii}}
 
==Further reading==
* Dungan, Tracy D. (2005). ''V-2: A Combat History of the First Ballistic Missile.'' Westholme Publishing. ISBN 1-59416-012-0.
* Huzel, Dieter K. (ca. 1965). ''Peenemünde to Canaveral''. Prentice Hall Inc.
* King, Benjamin and Timothy J. Kutta (1998). ''Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II ''. (Alternately: ''Impact: An Operational History of Germany's V Weapons in World War II''.) Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-885119-51-8, ISBN 1-86227-024-4. Da Capo Press; Reprint edition, 2003: ISBN 0-306-81292-4.
* Piszkiewicz, Dennis (1995). ''The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War''. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95217-7.
{{refend}}
 
==ကိုးကား==
==External links==
{{WiktionaryReflist}}
{{Commons category|V-2 missiles}}
*[http://aerial.rcahms.gov.uk/database/results.php?search_term=heavy+bbc&QUICKSEARCH=1 V2 Heavy Site Imagery - National Collection of Aerial Photography]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_naziscientists/index.html PBS: The hunt for Nazi scientists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211202228/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_naziscientists/index.html |date=11 December 2009 }}
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/ops/peenemunde.htm History of Peenemünde and the discovery of the German missile development by the Allies]
<!--inoperable link: [http://www.canadianarrow.com/V2History.htm V-2 history page]{{ndash}} from Canadian Arrow official website-->
*[http://www.cdiss.co.uk/Documents/Uploaded/Missile%20Defence%20-%20Then%20and%20Now.pdf Discussion of V-2 defences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924095725/http://www.cdiss.co.uk/Documents/Uploaded/Missile%20Defence%20-%20Then%20and%20Now.pdf |date=24 September 2009 }}
*[http://www.flyingbombsandrockets.com/V2_intro About effect of V2's on London]
*[http://www.v2rocket.guidepoland.info/bory_tucholskie_-_niemiecki_poligon_v-2_v-3_haidek.html German V2/A4 test range (Heidekraut) in Tuchola Forest (Poland) today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315082756/http://www.v2rocket.guidepoland.info/bory_tucholskie_-_niemiecki_poligon_v-2_v-3_haidek.html |date=15 March 2012 }}
* [http://dora.uah.edu/ Dora and the V–2 – Slave labor in the space age]
* [http://www.v2rocket.com/ V2Rocket.com]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=miQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA124&dq=popular+science+1947+%22piped+through+the+rockies%22&hl=en&ei=1QHRTIueLcSHnQfwjMWxDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true '' "Chute Saves Rockets Secrets" '', September 1947, Popular Science] article on US use of V-2 for scientific research
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHD6Y6p9Guo Video of Operation Backfire - WWII - The German V2 rocket], video showing assembly and launch procedure.
{{V-weapons}}
{{Aviation lists}}
 
<!--the first successfully launch is noteworthy - other years don't need listed-->
 
[[Category:World War II guided missiles of Germanyဗွီ-လက်နက်များ]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:V-weapons]]
[[Category:Inventions of the Third Reich]]
"https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/ဗွီ-၂_ဒုံးပျံ" မှ ရယူရန်