ဟတ်ကာဘာသာစကား: တည်းဖြတ်မှု မူကွဲများ
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No edit summary စာတွဲများ: မိုဘိုင်းလ် တည်းဖြတ် မိုဘိုင်းလ် ဝက်ဘ် တည်းဖြတ် အဆင့်မြင့် မိုလ်ဘိုင်းတည်းဖြတ် |
No edit summary စာတွဲများ: မိုဘိုင်းလ် တည်းဖြတ် မိုဘိုင်းလ် ဝက်ဘ် တည်းဖြတ် အဆင့်မြင့် မိုလ်ဘိုင်းတည်းဖြတ် |
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စာကြောင်း ၁ -
ဟတ်ကားစကား
{{Short description|Primary branch of Chinese originating in Southern China}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the language group; for the people, see [[Hakka people]]. It is not to be confused with the [[Hakha Chin language]]. "Hakfa" redirects here; for the village in Syria, see [[Abu Hakfa]].}}
{{Infobox language
| name
| imagecaption = Hak-kâ-fa/Hak-kâ-va (''Hakka/Kejia'') written in [[Chinese characters]]
| image = Kejiahua.png
|
| nativename = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|客家話}} / {{lang|zh-hans|客家话}}}}<br/>''Hak-kâ-fa''
| states = [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Taiwan]]
| region = Mainland China: Northeastern [[Guangdong]], adjoining regions of [[Fujian]], [[Jiangxi]], Southern [[Hunan]] and the midwest of [[Sichuan]]<br/>[[Hong Kong]]: [[New Territories]] (older generations since younger Hakkas mostly speak [[Cantonese]] due to language shift and social assimilation)
| ethnicity = [[Hakka people|Hakka]]
| speakers = 47.8 million
| date = 2007
| ref = e19
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|
| nation = [[Taiwan]] {{efn|National language in [[Taiwan]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aedu/201812250018.aspx|title=Draft national language development act clears legislative floor|website=focustaiwan.tw }}</ref> also statutory status in Taiwan as one of the languages for {{citation needed span|public transport announcements|date=November 2018}} and for the [[naturalisation]] test<ref>Article 6 of the [http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=2a89733e-e3e3-4f28-8f7b-84dff55777d5&groupId=10157 Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens]</ref>}}
| minority = [[Taiwan]] (a statutory language for public transportation;<ref>[http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%92%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%B3%95]</ref> government sponsor of Hakka-language television station)
| script = [[Chinese characters|hanzi]], [[romanization]]<ref>Hakka was written in Chinese characters by missionaries around the turn of the 20th century.[http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/chinesehakka.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040822130503/http://worldscriptures.org/pages/chinesehakka.html |date=2004-08-22 }}</ref>
| map = Idioma hakka.png
| mapcaption =
| iso3 = hak
| glotto = hakk1236
|
| lingua = 79-AAA-g > 79-AAA-ga
(+ 79-AAA-gb transition to 79-AAA-h)
| notice = IPA
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Sanda speaking Hakka.webm|thumb|A Hakka Chinese speaker, recorded in [[Taiwan]].]]
{{Infobox Chinese
|title=Hakka
|s=客家话
|t=客家話
|h=hag5 ga1 fa4<br />''or'' hag5 ga1 va4
|phfs=Hak-kâ-fa<br />''or'' Hak-kâ-va
|gan= Khak-ka-ua
|p=Kèjiāhuà
|wuu=Kah-ka-ho
|j=haak<sup>3</sup> gaa<sup>1</sup> waa<sup>2</sup>
|y=haak gā wá
|poj=Kheh-oē (客話)
|showflag=h
}}
'''Hakka''' is a language group of [[varieties of Chinese]], spoken natively by the [[Hakka people]] throughout Southern [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and throughout the [[diaspora]] areas of [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and in [[overseas Chinese]] communities around the world.
Due to its primary usage in scattered isolated regions where communication is limited to the local area, Hakka has developed numerous [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] or [[dialect]]s, spoken in different provinces, such as [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Hainan]], [[Fujian]], [[Sichuan]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Guizhou]], as well as in [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. Hakka is not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], [[Southern Min]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains a few mutually unintelligible varieties. It is most closely related to [[Gan Chinese|Gan]] and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan, with a few northern Hakka varieties even being partially mutually intelligible with southern Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared [[areal feature]]s.<ref>Thurgood & LaPolla, 2003. ''The Sino-Tibetan Languages''. Routledge.</ref>
Taiwan (where Hakka is the native language of a significant minority of the island's residents) is a center for the study and preservation of the language. Pronunciation differences exist between the [[Taiwanese Hakka]] dialects and Mainland China's Hakka dialects; even in Taiwan, two major local varieties of Hakka exist.
The [[Meixian dialect]] (Moiyen) of Northeast [[Guangdong]] in China has been taken as the "standard" dialect by the People's Republic of [[China]]. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created an official [[romanization]] of Moiyen in 1960, one of four languages receiving this status in Guangdong.
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